Determination of thermal diffusivity for the correct design of iron castings

A fuller understanding of the thermophysical characteristics of cast iron has been rendered necessary by recent changes in the design and manufacture of mechanical components, especially those employed in the automotive industry.Thermal diffusivity is of particular importance in this respect. Its determination by means of a transient thermal step method is described in this paper. A thermal step is induced in test specimens by their rapid transfer from one thermostated environment to another at a higher temperature. Temperatures are then taken during the transient step at a point with known coordinates.Simulation of this transient under different heat exchange conditions with a finite elements model (FEM), which can handle specimens of varying geometry, gives a grid formed of points representing Biot and Fourier numbers, and temperature values 9 standardised within the range zero to one.Thermal diffusivity is determined by taking the Biot and Fourier numbers that minimise the difference between the values observed experimentally and those on the curve supplied by the model. This parameter is then correlated with the metallurgical characteristics

The first observed stellar occultations by the irregular satellite Phoebe (Saturn IX) and improved rotational period

peer reviewedWe report six stellar occultations by Phoebe (Saturn IX), an irregular satellite of Saturn, obtained between mid-2017 and mid-2019. The 2017 July 6 event was the first stellar occultation by an irregular satellite ever observed. The occultation chords were compared to a 3D shape model of the satellite obtained from Cassini observations. The rotation period available in the literature led to a sub-observer point at the moment of the observed occultations where the chords could not fit the 3D model. A procedure was developed to identify the correct sub-observer longitude. It allowed us to obtain the rotation period with improved precision compared to the currently known value from literature. We show that the difference between the observed and the predicted sub-observer longitude suggests two possible solutions for the rotation period. By comparing these values with recently observed rotational light curves and single- chord stellar occultations, we can identify the best solution for Phoebe's rotational period as 9.27365 ± 0.00002 h. From the stellar occultations, we also obtained six geocentric astrometric positions in the ICRS as realized by the Gaia DR2 with uncertainties at the 1-mas level

The cross-talk between myeloid and mesenchymal stem cells of human bone marrow represents a biomarker of aging that regulates immune response and bone reabsorption

One of the mechanisms that characterizes the aging process of different organs is the accumulation of fat. Different authors have demonstrated that adipose tissue replaces the loss of other cell types, deriving from mesenchymal cells. During aging, there is substitution or trans-differentiation of mesenchymal cells with other cells having the same embryological origin. Newly formed adipocytes were also observed in the trabecular matrix of elderly people's bones, associated with myeloid cells. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells (I-MDSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone marrow (BM) samples harvested from 57 patients subjected to different orthopedic surgeries. Patients aged from 18 to 92 years were considered in order to compare the cellular composition of bone marrow of young and elderly people, considered a biomarker of immunity, inflammation, and bone preservation. The I-MDSC percentage was stable during aging, but in elderly people, it was possible to observe a strong basal immunosuppression of autologous and heterologous T cells' proliferation. We hypothesized that this pattern observed in elders depends on the progressive accumulation in the BM of activating stimuli, including cell-cell contact, or the production of different cytokines and proteins that induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in adipocytes. The collected data provided underline the importance of specific biomarkers of aging that promote a reduction in immune response and incremented inflammatory pathways, leading to bone reabsorption in elderly people

Crescimento e nutrição de erva-mate influenciados pela adubação nitrogenada, fosfatada e potássica

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989282Ilex paraguariensis is considered a low P-requiring species because it grows naturally in soils with low P content, although no much information is also available for N and K requirements. This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing P rates, combined with N and K rates on Ilex paraguariensis growth and its mineral composition. Phosphorus rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 e 600 mg dm-3 of P2O5 were combined with 0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3 of N e K2O. The fertilizers were mixed with the soil and placed in plastic pots of 2.9 dm3. Seedlings of Ilex were transplanted to the pots and grown for 120 days. Ilex seedling growth was affected by the interaction of P and NK rates. The best P rate was between 18.5 and 28.6 mg dm-3and the highest growth was obtained when P was combined with 100 mg dm-3of N and K2O. Iron deficiency symptoms appeared at the P rates of 400 and 600 mg dm-3 of P2O5. It can be concluded that Ilex responds to increasing P rates, as long as plant N, K and Ca requirement is met.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989282A ocorrência natural da erva-mate em solos ácidos e com baixa fertilidade natural, levou essa espécie a ser considerada de baixa exigência nutricional, principalmente em relação ao fósforo, embora pouco se conheça também sobre a exigência de N e K. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, teor de nutrientes no solo e em plantas jovens de erva-mate submetidas a doses de P combinadas com NK. Aplicou-se 0, 100, 200, 400 e 600 mg dm-3 de P2O5 combinados com 0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3 de N e K2O a um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Três mudas de erva-mate foram transplantadas para vasos com 2,9 dm3 de solo. Aos 120 dias determinaram-se a altura, diâmetro do caule, comprimento e volume radicular e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e radicular das mudas. Determinaram-se os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn e Al das folhas e raízes, além do conteúdo de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Amostras de solo foram submetidas à análise química. O crescimento da erva-mate foi afetado pela interação entre P e NK, demonstrando melhor crescimento quando o teor de P no solo estava entre 18,5 a 28,6 mg dm-3 combinado com 100 mg dm-3 de N e K2O. Em doses superiores a 400 mg dm-3 de P2O5, as folhas passaram a apresentar clorose internerval, sintoma típico de deficiência de Fe. A ordem dos macronutrientes mais exigidos e que mais contribuíram para o crescimento da erva-mate foi P, N, K, Mg e Ca. A erva-mate cresce bem em solos com altos teores de P, mas depende da boa disponibilidade de N, K e Ca

Adubação nitrogenada e intervalos de colheita na produtividade e nutrição da erva-mate e em frações de carbono e nitrogênio do solo

Leaves (FO) and thin branches (GF) are the main plant components harvested from Ilex paraguariensis (mate) plantations, leading to high exportation of nutrients, among them, the nitrogen (N). Scientific and technical information are scarce to support fertilizer recommendation aiming to replenish N exportation and to sustain mate productivity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of N fertilization and harvest intervals on N and organic carbon (CO) content in the soil and on mate productivity and N content. The experiment was conducted in São Mateus do Sul, Paraná state, Brazil, in a seven-year old mate plantation established on an Oxisol, where we evaluated the effect of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 kg ha-1 of N, for harvest intervals of 12, 18, and 24 months. Nitrogen (NL) and CO (COL) in the labile and total (NT and COT) forms were determined in the soil at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Harvest consisted in the removal of 95 % of the tree crown sprouted from the previous harvesting. The green material collected was evaluated individually for the components FO, GF and thick branches (GG), being FO+GF the commercial mate product (ECOM). We also evaluated the plant component relationships between green/dry weights (MV/MS), as well as the contents of N in FO, GF and GG. The positive effect of N fertilization on NL and COL contents in the soil was more expressive for the shortest harvesting interval, and was negative or null for the 24-month interval. Nitrogen doses increased the content of NT in the largest harvest interval and reduced the yield for 12 months; COT was not influenced by fertilization. We observed increased productivity with N doses, and the most significant responses occurred in longer harvest intervals. The interval of 12 months between harvests is insufficient for the plant recovery from the previous harvesting impacts. The 18-month interval is more recommendable because the plant is well nourished in N. Nitrogen does not affect the water content of the commercial green yerba mate, which is more affected by the time between harvests. The leaf N content between 33.0 and 37.0 g kg-1 may indicate well-nourished plants, regardless the harvest interval.Na erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) o principal produto colhido é composto por folhas (FO) e galhos finos (GF), resultando em elevada exportação de nutrientes, dentre eles o N. As informações técnico-científicas disponíveis para subsidiar uma recomendação da adubação nitrogenada racional são insuficientes, o que põe em risco a sustentabilidade da produção, especialmente se as colheitas são mais intensivas. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada e do intervalo de colheita no teor de N e carbono orgânico (CO) do solo, na produtividade e no estado nutricional da erva-mate. O experimento foi instalado em São Mateus do Sul – PR, em erval com sete anos e meio de idade, estabelecido em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, no qual se avaliaram doses de 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 e 320 kg ha-1 de N, para intervalos de colheita de 12, 18 e 24 meses. Os teores de N e CO do solo, nas formas lábil (NL e COL) e total (NT e COT), foram determinados nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm. A colheita consistiu na remoção de aproximadamente 95 % da copa que brotou da colheita anterior. A massa verde colhida foi determinada individualmente para os componentes FO, GF e galho grosso (GG), sendo FO+GF correspondente à erva-mate comercial (ECOM). Avaliou-se, também, a relação entre massa verde/seca (MV/MS) e o teor de N na FO, GF e GG. O efeito positivo da adubação nitrogenada no teor de NL e COL do solo foi mais expressivo no menor intervalo de colheita e negativo ou nulo para o intervalo de 24 meses. As doses de N aumentaram o teor de NT nos maiores intervalos de colheita e reduziram para colheita de 12 meses e o COT não foi influenciado pela adubação. Houve aumento da produtividade com as doses de N, e as respostas mais expressivas ocorreram nos maiores intervalos entre colheitas. Intervalo de 12 meses entre colheitas é insuficiente para a planta recuperar-se do impacto causado pela colheita. O intervalo de 18 meses é o mais recomendável, desde que a planta esteja bem nutrida em N. A adubação nitrogenada não influencia o teor de água na erva-mate comercial verde, sendo esta dependente do intervalo de tempo entre colheitas. Teor foliar de N entre 33,0 e 37,0 g kg-1 pode indicar plantas bem nutridas, independentemente do intervalo de colheita

Association of Genetic Markers with CSF Oligoclonal Bands in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Objective:to explore the association between genetic markers and Oligoclonal Bands (OCB) in the Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) of Italian Multiple Sclerosis patients.Methods:We genotyped 1115 Italian patients for HLA-DRB1*15 and HLA-A*02. In a subset of 925 patients we tested association with 52 non-HLA SNPs associated with MS susceptibility and we calculated a weighted Genetic Risk Score. Finally, we performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) with OCB status on a subset of 562 patients. The best associated SNPs of the Italian GWAS were replicated in silico in Scandinavian and Belgian populations, and meta-analyzed.Results:HLA-DRB1*15 is associated with OCB+: p = 0.03, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% Confidence Limits (CL) = 1.1-2.4. None of the 52 non-HLA MS susceptibility loci was associated with OCB, except one SNP (rs2546890) near IL12B gene (OR: 1.45; 1.09-1.92). The weighted Genetic Risk Score mean was significantly (p = 0.0008) higher in OCB+ (7.668) than in OCB- (7.412) patients. After meta-analysis on the three datasets (Italian, Scandinavian and Belgian) for the best associated signals resulted from the Italian GWAS, the strongest signal was a SNP (rs9320598) on chromosome 6q (p = 9.4×10-7) outside the HLA region (65 Mb).Discussion:genetic factors predispose to the development of OCB

The Residual Stress Relaxation Behavior of Weldments During Cyclic Loading

Accurate measurement of residual stress is necessary to obtain reliable predictions of fatigue lifetime and enable estimation of time-to-facture for any given stress level. In this article, relaxation of welding residual stresses as a function of cyclic loading was documented on three common steels: AISI 1008, ASTM A572, and AISI 4142. Welded specimens were subjected to cyclic bending (R = 0.1) at different applied stresses, and the residual stress relaxation existing near the welds was measured as a function of cycles. The steels exhibited very different stress relaxation behaviors during cyclic loadings, which can be related to the differences in the microstructures of the specimens. A phenomenological model, which treats dislocation motion during cyclic loading as being analogous to creep of dislocations, is proposed for estimation of the residual stress relaxation

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu decay channel, where l = e or mu, in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 inverse femtobarns. No significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at 95% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to JHE

Compressed representation of a partially defined integer function over multiple arguments

In OLAP (OnLine Analitical Processing) data are analysed in an n-dimensional cube. The cube may be represented as a partially defined function over n arguments. Considering that often the function is not defined everywhere, we ask: is there a known way of representing the function or the points in which it is defined, in a more compact manner than the trivial one