The rise-time of type II supernovae

We investigate the early-time light-curves of a large sample of 223 type II supernovae (SNe) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Supernova Legacy Survey. Having a cadence of a few days and sufficient non-detections prior to explosion, we constrain rise-times, i.e. the durations from estimated first to maximum light, as a function of effective wavelength. At restframe g-band (4722A), we find a distribution of fast rise-times with median of (7.5+/-0.3) days. Comparing these durations with analytical shock models of Rabinak and Waxman (2013); Nakar and Sari (2010) and hydrodynamical models of Tominaga et al. (2009), which are mostly sensitive to progenitor radius at these epochs, we find a median characteristic radius of less than 400 solar radii. The inferred radii are on average much smaller than the radii obtained for observed red supergiants (RSG). Investigating the post-maximum slopes as a function of effective wavelength in the light of theoretical models, we find that massive hydrogen envelopes are still needed to explain the plateaus of SNe II. We therefore argue that the SN II rise-times we observe are either a) the shock cooling resulting from the core collapse of RSG with small and dense envelopes, or b) the delayed and prolonged shock breakout of the collapse of a RSG with an extended atmosphere or embedded within pre-SN circumstellar material.Fil: González Gaitán, S.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Tominaga, N.. Konan University; JapónFil: Molina, J.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Galbany, L.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Bufano, F.. Universidad Andres Bello; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Anderson, J. P. . European Southern Observatory; ChileFil: Gutierrez, C.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Förster, F.. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Pignata, G.. Universidad Andres Bello; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Bersten, Melina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. University of Tokyo; JapónFil: Howell, D. A. . Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network; Estados Unidos. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Sullivan, M.. University of Southampton; Reino UnidoFil: Carlberg, R.. University Of Toronto; CanadáFil: De Jaeger, T. . Universidad de Chile; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Hamuy, M.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics; ChileFil: Baklanov, P. V. . Novosibirsk State University; RusiaFil: Blinnikov, S. I. . University of Tokyo; Japó

The rise-time of Type II supernovae

We investigate the early-time light curves of a large sample of 223 Type II supernovae (SNe II) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Supernova Legacy Survey. Having a cadence of a few days and sufficient non-detections prior to explosion, we constrain risetimes, i.e. the durations from estimated first to maximum light, as a function of effective wavelength. At rest-frame g' band (λeff = 4722 Å), we find a distribution of fast rise-times with median of (7.5 ± 0.3) d. Comparing these durations with analytical shock models of Rabinak &Waxman and Nakar & Sari, and hydrodynamical models of Tominaga et al., which are mostly sensitive to progenitor radius at these epochs, we find a median characteristic radius of less than 400 solar radii. The inferred radii are on average much smaller than the radii obtained for observed red supergiants (RSG). Investigating the post-maximum slopes as a function of effective wavelength in the light of theoretical models, we find that massive hydrogen envelopes are still needed to explain the plateaus of SNe II. We therefore argue that the SN II rise-times we observe are either (a) the shock cooling resulting from the core collapse of RSG with small and dense envelopes, or (b) the delayed and prolonged shock breakout of the collapse of an RSG with an extended atmosphere or embedded within pre-SN circumstellar material.Instituto de Astrofísica de La PlataFacultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope

We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 < dm15 < 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at > 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Ap

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa suggests a risk locus implicated in dysregulated leptin signaling

J. Kaprio, A. Palotie, A. Raevuori-Helkamaa ja S. Ripatti ovat työryhmän Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium jäseniä. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 21;7(1):8379, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06409-3We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anorexia nervosa (AN) using a stringently defined phenotype. Analysis of phenotypic variability led to the identification of a specific genetic risk factor that approached genome-wide significance (rs929626 in EBF1 (Early B-Cell Factor 1); P = 2.04 x 10(-7); OR = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.8) with independent replication (P = 0.04), suggesting a variant-mediated dysregulation of leptin signaling may play a role in AN. Multiple SNPs in LD with the variant support the nominal association. This demonstrates that although the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of AN is universally recognized, further careful sub-typing of cases may provide more precise genomic signals. In this study, through a refinement of the phenotype spectrum of AN, we present a replicable GWAS signal that is nominally associated with AN, highlighting a potentially important candidate locus for further investigation.Peer reviewe

Utomhuspedagogik i förskolan : En kvalitativ studie om pedagogers uppfattning av utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter och begränsningar samt utomhuspedagogikens påverkan på barns fria lek.

Syftet med vår undersökning var att beskriva pedagogers uppfattning om utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter och begränsningar samt hur utomhuspedagogiken påverkar barns fria lek i förskolan. Utomhuspedagogik är ett förhållningssätt som syftar till lärande i växelspel mellan upplevelse och reflexion, grundat på konkreta erfarenheter i autentiska situationer. Förhållningsättet bygger på sinnlig erfarenhet som knyter an till ett förhållningssätt vilket borde vara ursprungligt för människan. Lek och lekfullhet är betydelsefullt i allt lärande och i barns värld och inom förskolans pedagogik är det svårt att skilja lek från lärande. I leken utforskar barnen sin omvärld, bearbetar intryck och erfarenheter och kommunicerar med andra. Genom leken utvecklas barn socialt, känslomässigt, motoriskt och intellektuellt. Leken är även viktig i barns upptäckande av sina förmågor och intressen. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer av fyra verksamma pedagoger med utomhuspedagogik som inriktning. Utomhuspedagogik innebär för alla pedagoger i studien att inte bara gå till skogen en gång i veckan utan att man medvetet tar med verksamheten ut. Vi ser att pedagogernas uppfattning av utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter är att det blir färre konflikter mellan barnen, färre tillrättavisningar från pedagogerna, barnen får möjlighet till bättre motorik och kunskap om naturen. Utomhuspedagogiken begränsas enligt pedagogerna av barns ålder, utrustning, miljö och personaltäthet. Pedagogerna anser att utomhuspedagogiken påverkar den fria leken både inomhus och utomhus. Leken inomhus påverkas negativt när barnen har svårt att sitta stilla och inte vara högljudda vilket de tillåts när de vistas ute i naturen. Det leder till många tillrättavisningar från pedagogerna när barnen vistas inomhus. För att utomhuspedagogik ska kunna bedrivas i naturen krävs att barnen är vana och känner trygghet

To be unemployed : Motivation and emotional experiences of individuals seeking employment and experiences out of contact with the employment officer

Research shows that unemployed´s motivation to seek work affects their health and social life. Employment officer’s motivational work should be based on strengthening the individual&apos;s confidence in their abilities. Five motivational theories underpinning the study is Cognitive Theory, Self-determination theory, Expectancy Value Theory, need theory and Goal Theory. The purpose of this study was to investigate individuals&apos; job motivation, and emotional experiences, also in relation to contact with the employment officer. A study was conducted in which four individuals participated. They talked about their emotional experiences and motivation in their situation as unemployed, and in relation to their employment officer. The method is based on theory-driven thematic analysis. The results showed that participants feel they have motivation to seek work, although time may be marked out of stress and depression. It also proved that all participants feel a lack of motivation and support from their employment officer.Arbetslöshet i dagens samhälle är hög vilket gör det till ett intressant ämne att forska om, begränsad forskning finns i ämnet arbetslöshet, motivation och känslomässiga upplevelser samt hur kontakten med arbetsförmedlaren upplevs. Det som går att läsa syftar till stor del på arbetssökande och deras hälsa men motivation och känslomässiga upplevelser för individer är viktiga aspekter vid arbetslöshet. Vad är det som gör att vissa individer är mer motiverade än andra? Och hur kan motivationen påverka i en situation utav arbetslöshet

To be unemployed : Motivation and emotional experiences of individuals seeking employment and experiences out of contact with the employment officer

Research shows that unemployed´s motivation to seek work affects their health and social life. Employment officer’s motivational work should be based on strengthening the individual&apos;s confidence in their abilities. Five motivational theories underpinning the study is Cognitive Theory, Self-determination theory, Expectancy Value Theory, need theory and Goal Theory. The purpose of this study was to investigate individuals&apos; job motivation, and emotional experiences, also in relation to contact with the employment officer. A study was conducted in which four individuals participated. They talked about their emotional experiences and motivation in their situation as unemployed, and in relation to their employment officer. The method is based on theory-driven thematic analysis. The results showed that participants feel they have motivation to seek work, although time may be marked out of stress and depression. It also proved that all participants feel a lack of motivation and support from their employment officer.Arbetslöshet i dagens samhälle är hög vilket gör det till ett intressant ämne att forska om, begränsad forskning finns i ämnet arbetslöshet, motivation och känslomässiga upplevelser samt hur kontakten med arbetsförmedlaren upplevs. Det som går att läsa syftar till stor del på arbetssökande och deras hälsa men motivation och känslomässiga upplevelser för individer är viktiga aspekter vid arbetslöshet. Vad är det som gör att vissa individer är mer motiverade än andra? Och hur kan motivationen påverka i en situation utav arbetslöshet

Adolescent Sexual Offenders: A Total Survey of Referrals To Social Services in Sweden and Subgroup Characteristics

Sampling methodology (e.g. population-based vs. clinical samples, anonymous self-reports vs. data collected as part of mandated treatment) affects the validity of conclusions drawn from research addressing the etiology of adolescent sexual offending. Studies of unselected samples allow testing of the generalizability of etiological models suggested from investigation of selected clinical or forensic populations. Further, representative epidemiological data on adolescent sexual offending is needed for policy-making and the planning of services. We conducted a national survey of all adolescent sexual offenders (ASOs, 12-17 years) referred to Social Services during 2000. Social workers at all child and adolescent units in Social Service authorities throughout Sweden (N=285, 99% response rate) completed a questionnaire about new ASO referrals in 2000. The National Board of Health and Welfare commissioned the survey and questionnaire items tapped offender, offence, and victim characteristics. A total of 197 boys and 2 girls aged 12-17 years were referred to Social Services because of sexually abusive behavior in 2000. Focusing specifically on males, this yielded a one-year incidence of .060% (95% confidence interval = .052-.068). Forty-six percent of male ASOs abused at least one child younger than age 12 years (child offenders) whereas the rest had abused peer or adult victims (peer offenders). Forty-two percent of male ASOs had ever committed sexual offences together with at least one other offender (group offenders). Child- vs. peer offenders and group vs. single offenders, suggested typologies in the literature, were compared to explore potential subtype-specific risk factors and correlates. The results suggested a higher proportion of group ASOs than previously reported and stronger support for subdividing ASOs into child vs. peer offenders than into group vs. single ASOs