Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies

Electronic-nose devices have received considerable attention in the field of sensor technology during the past twenty years, largely due to the discovery of numerous applications derived from research in diverse fields of applied sciences. Recent applications of electronic nose technologies have come through advances in sensor design, material improvements, software innovations and progress in microcircuitry design and systems integration. The invention of many new e-nose sensor types and arrays, based on different detection principles and mechanisms, is closely correlated with the expansion of new applications. Electronic noses have provided a plethora of benefits to a variety of commercial industries, including the agricultural, biomedical, cosmetics, environmental, food, manufacturing, military, pharmaceutical, regulatory, and various scientific research fields. Advances have improved product attributes, uniformity, and consistency as a result of increases in quality control capabilities afforded by electronic-nose monitoring of all phases of industrial manufacturing processes. This paper is a review of the major electronic-nose technologies, developed since this specialized field was born and became prominent in the mid 1980s, and a summarization of some of the more important and useful applications that have been of greatest benefit to man

Reflections from a Broken Mirror: Locating Lacanian Subject in Ben Okri’s The Famished Road

Nigerian novelist Ben Okri is one of the most distinguished and interesting voices that have appeared in the contemporary African literary landscape. His Booker Prize winning novel The Famished Road depicts the story of an abiku (spirit) child, Azaro - his birth, his struggle to survive in the world of humans, and consequently his triumph over the tortures of the spirit companions by being able to thrive in the human world. Amidst this bildungsroman tale of an abiku, Okri interweaves a dense and complex web of relationships that exists between a mother and a child, a father and his son, spirits and humans and so on. The duality in Azaro’s thoughts and visions suggest a psychological dilemma that he faces and the manner in which he wades through his mental complications. The experience of Azaro could be comprehended in the light of Jacques Lacan’s notion of the “Mirror Stage” and by way of situating the Lacanian subject in the context of the novel that exemplifies magic, mystery and mayhem. The paper undertakes an attempt to read Azaro as a Lacanian figure who’s self is split between the “real” world of humans and the “irreal” world of spirits. The paper seeks to argue that like a Lacanian subject Azaro’s existence is ridden with contradictions between the desires of the present ontological status and a deeper necessity to escape into the ‘other’ world of elusive spirits