Le droit de l’espace judiciaire pénal européen : un nouveau modèle juridique ?

L’exercice du pouvoir judiciaire pénal des Etats se trouve confronté au mouvement « d’européanisation » de la coopération judiciaire, en relation avec la notion « d’espace de sécurité, de liberté et de justice » et avec l’évolution du pouvoir décisionnel de l’Union européenne dans ce domaine. Le pouvoir pénal est désormais soumis aux exigences d’efficacité de la sécurité européenne qui impose à la fois une reconnaissance de l’intervention des instances de l’Union, de nouvelles modalités de coopération et une acceptation de l’institutionnalisation, en concurrence étroite avec les modalités de la coopération policière. Ce processus introduit des mutations au sein même du pouvoir pénal, susceptibles d’ouvrir vers un nouveau modèle juridique de l’exercice du pouvoir dans le domaine pénal et qui annonce des éléments de rupture par rapport aux conceptions traditionnelles.The national criminal justice system is related to a new important movement based on the development of European cooperation closed to the specific aim of establishing the European area of freedom, security and justice set out in the Amsterdam treaty which has also improved the decision making power of the European bodies. Consequently, the framework of the criminal law system is not only a network of national judiciary powers but also the result of the process of creating a European criminal justice system. This specific aim reflects a new law enforcement model whose the most outstanding features are mutual recognition of judgement, common definition of offences, charges and penalties focus on several areas, development of centralised European law enforcement bodies with increasing powers. This new stage expressed by the European Summit of Tampere and confirmed later by the Summit of La Hague paves the way for a new model in the field of criminal law system, that announces many transformations

Profil Hematologi dan Pemantauan Dosis Petugas Radiologi di Rumah Sakit Penyakit Infeksi (RSPI) Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Tahun 2014-2015

Latar belakang : Petugas radiologi mempunyai risiko untuk terpapar radiasi. Pemantauan kesehatan dan dosis para petugas radiologi wajib dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi adanya gejala awal atau tanda kerusakan awal akibat paparan radiasi dan untuk menjamin keselamatan dan kesehatan petugas radiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan terhadap risiko paparan radiasi pada petugas radiologi berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan hematologi dan pemantauan dosis.Metode : Kajian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang. Subyek yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri dari ahli radiologi, radiografer dan petugas administrasi yang bekerja di Instalasi Radiologi, RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode 2014-2015. Data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder dari hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala tahun 2014-2015, berupa data karakteristik demografi dan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Hasil pengukuran dosis radiasi dari laboratorium pemantauan dosis perorangan - Balai Pengamanan Fasilitas Kesehatan dan Pusat Teknologi Keselamatan dan Metrologi Radiasi - Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN).Hasil : Jumlah petugas radiologi laki-laki sama dengan jumlah petugas perempuan, sebanyak 58,4% petugas berusia 31-40 tahun, 75% petugas berpendidikan DIII radiologi, 33,3% petugas dengan lama kerja 11-15 tahun. Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Ht, leukosit, dan LED menunjukkan semua petugas masih dalam batas normal. Petugas yang mempunyai kadar Hb rendah meningkat menjadi 33,3% pada tahun 2015 dari tahun 2014 (25%). Petugas yang mengalami anemia normositik meningkat dari 16,5% (2014) menjadi 25% (2015). Sebanyak 16,6% petugas mempunyai kadar serum besi yang rendah, sebanyak 25% petugas mempunyai jumlah retikulosit yang rendah. Hasil pemantauan dosis radiasi pada tahun 2014 dan 2015 menunjukkan semua petugas radiologi masih dibawah Nilai Batas Dosis.Kesimpulan : Secara keseluruhan hasil pemeriksaan hematologi dan pemantauan dosis petugas radiologi masih dalam batas normal

Profil Kepatuhan Higiene Perorangan Penjamah Makanan di Instalasi Gizi dan Tata Boga Rumah Sakit Penyakit Infeksi (RSPI) Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso

Latar belakang : Salah satu upaya higiene sanitasi makanan yaitu dengan meningkatkan higiene perorangan pada penjamah makanan yang merupakan kunci keberhasilan dalam pengolahan makanan yang aman dan sehat. Higiene perorangan yang terlibat dalam pengolahan makanan akan dapat dicapai, apabila dalam diri pekerja tertanam pengertian tentang pentingnya menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan diri. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kepatuhan higiene perorangan penjamah makanan di Instalasi Gizi dan Tata Boga RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti SarosoMetode : Kajian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang. Sampel meliputi petugas penjamah makanan di Instalasi Gizi dan Tata Boga - RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode tahun 2016.Hasil : Dari 19 penjamah makanan sebagian besar berjenis kelamin perempuan (52.6%), tingkat pendidikan sebagian besar memiliki latar belakang pendidikan setara SMA (78.9%, Kondisi kesehatan penjamah makanan sebagian besar pernah MCU 73.7% dengan hasil sehat bersyarat, dari observasi perilaku diketahui bahwa penjamah makanan berperilaku tidak higienis diantaranya yaitu tidak memakai sepatu tertutup sebanyak 96.5%, tidak memakai baju kerja sebanyak 87.5%, tidak memakai masker sebanyak 77.2%, tidak memakai penutup kepala sebanyak 71.9%, tidak memakai sarung tangan sebanyak 50%, tidak memakai celemek sebanyak 33.3%, bercakap cakap sebanyak 28.1% dan tidak menutup makanan yang matang sebanyak 25.9%, kepatuhan dalam hygiene perorangan sebagian besar 89.5% dengan kepatuhan kategori kurang.Kesimpulan : Penjamah makanan sebagian besardengan kepatuhan kategori kurang 89.5% dan 10.5% dengan kepatuhan kategori sedang

An overt chemical protective garment reduces thermal strain compared with a covert garment in warm-wet but not hot-dry environments

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Frontiers Media. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00913© 2017 Maley, Costello, Borg, Bach, Hunt and Stewart. Objectives: A commercial chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective covert garment has recently been developed with the aim of reducing thermal strain. A covert CBRN protective layer can be worn under other clothing, with equipment added for full chemical protection when needed. However, it is unknown whether the covert garment offers any alleviation to thermal strain during work compared with a traditional overt ensemble. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare thermal strain and work tolerance times during work in an overt and covert ensemble offering the same level of CBRN protection. Methods: Eleven male participants wore an overt (OVERT) or covert (COVERT) CBRN ensemble and walked (4 km·h-1, 1% grade) for a maximum of 120 min in either a wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT] of 21, 30, or 37°C (Neutral, WarmWet and HotDry, respectively). The trials were ceased if the participants' gastrointestinal temperature reached 39°C, heart rate reached 90% of maximum, walking time reached 120 min or due to self-termination. Results: All participants completed 120 min of walking in Neutral. Work tolerance time was greater in OVERT compared with COVERT in WarmWet (P 0.05). Conclusion: Those dressed in OVERT experienced lower thermal strain and longer work tolerance times compared with COVERT in a warm-wet environment. However, COVERT may be an optimal choice in a hot-dry environment. These findings have practical implications for those making decisions on the choice of CBRN ensemble to be used during work.This project is financially supported by the Australian Government, managed by the National Security Science and Technology Centre within the Defence Science and Technology Organization, and the US Government through the Technical Support Working Group within the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office.Published versio

Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015

The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Development Conference convened in Carlsbad, California in February 2015 with a panel of 17 international experts. The delegates represented 4 countries and 9 medical and scientific sub-specialties pertaining to athletic training, exercise physiology, sports medicine, water/sodium metabolism, and body fluid homeostasis. The primary goal of the panel was to review the existing data on EAH and update the 2008 Consensus Statement.1 This document serves to replace the second International EAH Consensus Development Conference Statement and launch an educational campaign designed to address the morbidity and mortality associated with a preventable and treatable fluid imbalance. The following statement is a summary of the data synthesized by the 2015 EAH Consensus Panel and represents an evolution of the most current knowledge on EAH. This document will summarize the most current information on the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EAH for medical personnel, athletes, athletic trainers, and the greater public. The EAH Consensus Panel strove to clearly articulate what we agreed upon, did not agree upon, and did not know, including minority viewpoints that were supported by clinical experience and experimental data. Further updates will be necessary to both: (1) remain current with our understanding and (2) critically assess the effectiveness of our present recommendations. Suggestions for future research and educational strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of EAH are provided at the end of the document as well as areas of controversy that remain in this topic. [excerpt

High protein diet maintains glucose production during exercise-induced energy deficit: a controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inadequate energy intake induces changes in endogenous glucose production (GP) to preserve muscle mass. Whether addition provision of dietary protein modulates GP response to energy deficit is unclear. The objective was to determine whether exercise-induced energy deficit effects on glucose metabolism are mitigated by increased dietary protein.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Nineteen men ([mean ± SD] 23 ± 2 y, VO_2peak59 ± 5 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) were divided into three groups, two consuming moderate (MP; 0.9 g protein kg^-1d^-1), and one high (HP; 1.8 g protein kg^-1d^-1) protein diets (55% energy from carbohydrate) for 11 days. Following 4 days of energy balance (D1-4), energy expenditure was increased for 7 days (D5-12) in all groups. Energy intake was unchanged in two, creating a 1000 kcal d^-1deficit (DEF-MP, DEF-HP; n = 6, both groups), whereas energy balance was maintained in the third (BAL-MP, n = 7). Biochemical markers of substrate metabolism were measured during fasting rest on D4 and D12, as were GP and contribution of gluconeogenesis to endogenous glucose production (<it>f</it>_gng) using 4-h primed, continuous infusions of [6,6-²H₂]glucose (dilution-method) and [2-¹³C]glycerol (MIDA technique). Glycogen breakdown (GB) was derived from GP and <it>f</it>_gng.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels increased, and plasma glucose and insulin declined from D4 to D12, regardless of group. DEF-MP experienced decreased plasma GP from D4 to D12 ([mean change ± SD] 0.24 ± 0.24 mg·kg^-1·min^-1), due to reduced GB from D4 (1.40 ± 0.28 mg·kg^-1·min^-1) to D12 (1.16 ± 0.17 mg·kg^-1·min^-1), P < 0.05. Conversely, BAL-MP and DEF-HP sustained GP from D4 to D12 ([mean change ± SD] 0.1 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 0.2 mg·kg^-1·min^-1, respectively) by maintaining GB.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Exercise-induced energy deficit decreased GP and additional dietary protein mitigated that effect.</p

An evaluation of personal cooling systems for reducing thermal strain whilst working in chemical/biological protective clothing

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Frontiers Media. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00424© 2019 Bach, Maley, Minett, Zietek, Stewart and Stewart. Objective: The use of personal cooling systems to mitigate heat strain on first-responders achieves two potential performance benefits relative to the absence of such cooling: (1) the completion of a workload with less effort; and/or (2) the completion of a greater workload for the same effort. Currently, claims made by manufacturers regarding the capability of their products for use in conjunction with chemical/biological protective clothing remain largely unsubstantiated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the means by which heat strain can be alleviated during uncompensable heat stress in chemical/biological clothing, using the ASTM F2300-10 methodology. Methods: Eight healthy males completed five trials of continuous walking (4.5 km h-1; 35°C; 49% RH) for up to 120 min while wearing one of four cooling systems and/or a National Fire and Protection Association 1994 Class-3 chemical/biological ensemble. The four cooling methods (ice vest [IV], phase-change vest [PCM], water-perfused suit [WS], and combination ice slurry/ice vest [SLIV]) and no cooling (CON). Results: We observed significant improvements in trial times for IV (18 ± 10 min), PCM (20 ± 10 min) and SLIV (22 ± 10 min), but no differences for WS (4 ± 7 min). Heart rate, rectal, mean skin, and body temperatures were significantly lower in all cooling conditions relative to control at various matched time points in the first 60 min of exercise. Thermal sensation, comfort and perceived exertion all had significant main effects for condition, and time, there were no differences in their respective interactions. Conclusion: The IV, PCM, and SLIV produced lower heart rate, mean skin, rectal and mean body temperatures in addition to improved work times compared to control. The WS did not improve work times possibly as a result of the cooling capacity of the suit abating, and magnifying thermal insulation. Considering the added time and resources required to implement combination cooling in the form of ice slurry and ice vest (SLIV), there was no significant additive effect for perception, cardiovascular strain, rectal temperature and total trial time relative to the phase change vest or ice vest alone. This may be a product of a "ceiling" effect for work limit set to 120 min as part of ASTM F2300-10.This project is financially supported by the United States Government through the United States Department of Defense (DOD).Published versio

Thermal comfort investigation of an outdoor air-conditioned area in a hot and arid environment

Thermal comfort in hot and arid outdoor environments is an industrial challenging field. An outdoor air-conditioned area was designed and built to host sport and social events during summers 2014 and 2015 in Qatar. This article presents a thermal comfort analysis of the outdoor air-conditioned area using computational fluid dynamics, on-site spectators surveys, and on-spot climatic measurements. The study utilized computational fluid dynamics to develop a thermal comfort model of the outdoor air-conditioned area to predict the thermal comfort of the occupants. Five different thermal comfort indices; mean comfort vote, cooling power index, wet-bulb globe temperature index, Humidex, discomfort index, were utilized to assess the thermal comfort of spectators within the conditioned space. The indices utilized different on site measurements of meteorological data and on-site interviews. In comparison to the mean comfort vote of the sampled survey, all thermal comfort indices underestimated the actual thermal comfort percentage except the wet-bulb globe temperature index that overestimated the comfort percentage. The computational fluid dynamics results reasonably predicted most of the thermal comfort indices values. The computational fluid dynamics results overestimated the comfort percentage of mean comfort vote, wet-bulb globe temperature index, and discomfort index, while the thermal comfort percentage was underestimated as indicated by the cooling power index, and Humidex