Financing of health services and alternative methods: some suggestions

Presenting Health Care should have priority because of importance of health care for individuals and society. Today, with understanding importance of this point different political ideas and economic ideas put a lot of effort to increase the individual’s productivity and average life expectation and improve investments on humanity. Even so, sometimes statistics on health services can be critter of structure of modern countries. (Average life expectation, percentage of baby death etc.) Providing effective and fair health service which is important as such as life itself limited to cost and question of finding the right sources to cover the cost. Slow economic growth, increasing unemployment, fast growing population are the main factors of increased cost of health services and those factors are appears as actual reasons of financial difficulties on agenda. Financial difficulties of health services will affect to quality and amount of services and also will be the main reason to bring out different methods of practice. But despite those differences, to provide quality health services to the individuals requires strong and continual financial sources. Financial difficulties of health services will affect to the services for individuals so therefore will effect to individuals health. So this essay originated from those important points, aims to explore the financial difficulties throughout historical development and at the same time will look for improvement and alternative managements.Health care services, financing and alternative methods

Does Uncertainty Affect the Divergence between WTP and WTA Measures?

Many empirical studies have demonstrated large discrepancies between willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) measures. This paper examines the extent to which uncertainty about the environmental quality improvement can lead to a divergence between WTP and WTA measures. Indirect utility function parameters and uncertainty about the environmental quality change affect the extent to which WTP and WTA measures can differ. These results have implications for design and implementation of contingent valuation surveys.commitment cost

The Role of Land Retirement Programs for Management of Water Resources

Land Economics/Use,

A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Conservation Reserve Program Participation under Uncertainty

This paper develops theoretical and empirical models to understand how farmers formulate their participation strategies when deciding to enroll in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) under uncertainty. A theoretical model is employed to obtain the impacts of various factors on the optimal bidding strategies. A selectivity-based econometric model is then used to estimate the probability of enrollment and determinants of rental payments. The theoretical results indicate that the optimal bid is positively related to the expected farming income and environmental benefit scores, and it is negatively related to the degree of risk aversion and the variability of returns. The econometric model shows that land benefits, land attributes, farmer characteristics, and variability of climate variables impact the enrollment probabilities and rental rates received. These results have important policy implications for the design and implementation of conservation programs.conservation programs, land retirement, risk aversion, uncertainty., Farm Management,

INCORPORATING RISK PREFERENCES INTO REAL OPTIONS MODELS

This paper develops a framework to link the expected utility analysis to real options models in order to capture the joint effects of risk aversion and irreversibility associated with real investments. It aims at modifying the theory of investment under uncertainty by incorporating decision makers' risk preferences and allows explicitly analyzing the impacts of risk aversion, uncertainty and irreversibility on decisions such as investment and resource allocations. It addresses the shortcomings of the commonly used expected utility and investment under uncertainty models be generalizing the theory of irreversible investment under uncertainty by allowing for risk-averse investors. We found that uncertainty, irreversibility and risk aversion are important determinants of the optimal timing of irreversible decisions. Ignoring risk preferences in real options models would lead to over or underestimation of magnitude of investments.expected utility, investment under uncertainty, irreversibility, real options, risk aversion, Risk and Uncertainty, D81, G1,

Partial b_{v}(s) and b_{v}({\theta}) metric spaces and related fixed point theorems

In this paper, we introduced two new generalized metric spaces called partial b_{v}(s) and b_{v}({\theta}) metric spaces which extend b_{v}(s) metric space, b-metric space, rectangular metric space, v-generalized metric space, partial metric space, partial b-metric space, partial rectangular b-metric space and so on. We proved some famous theorems such as Banach, Kannan and Reich fixed point theorems in these spaces. Also, we give definition of partial v-generalized metric space and show that these fixed point theorems are valid in this space. We also give numerical examples to support our definitions. Our results generalize several corresponding results in literature.Comment: 15 page

Computational role of eccentricity dependent cortical magnification

We develop a sampling extension of M-theory focused on invariance to scale and translation. Quite surprisingly, the theory predicts an architecture of early vision with increasing receptive field sizes and a high resolution fovea -- in agreement with data about the cortical magnification factor, V1 and the retina. From the slope of the inverse of the magnification factor, M-theory predicts a cortical "fovea" in V1 in the order of $40$ by $40$ basic units at each receptive field size -- corresponding to a foveola of size around $26$ minutes of arc at the highest resolution, $\approx 6$ degrees at the lowest resolution. It also predicts uniform scale invariance over a fixed range of scales independently of eccentricity, while translation invariance should depend linearly on spatial frequency. Bouma's law of crowding follows in the theory as an effect of cortical area-by-cortical area pooling; the Bouma constant is the value expected if the signature responsible for recognition in the crowding experiments originates in V2. From a broader perspective, the emerging picture suggests that visual recognition under natural conditions takes place by composing information from a set of fixations, with each fixation providing recognition from a space-scale image fragment -- that is an image patch represented at a set of increasing sizes and decreasing resolutions

An Empirical Analysis of Productivity Developments in "Traditional Banks" : The Initial Post-Liberalization Experience

By utilizing a non-parametric Malmquist index approach, we investigate the initial changes in the productivity and efficiency of the “traditional” Turkish banks in an era of financial liberalization (1980-1990). We hypothesize that the new liberal environment along with heightened competition from new banks coming from internal and external markets will discipline the traditional banks that are coming from the pre-liberalization period in resource management to economize their production inputs and/or in looking for new ways to expand their financial outputs, resulting in higher productivity and efficiency in these banks. Consistent with the expectations, we found that there is a significant upward trend in the productivity and efficiency of the traditional Turkish banks over the period under study. On the other hand, the results also indicate that the production technology of these banks has not advanced as expected. It appears that productivity growth in traditional Turkish banks mainly stems from the efforts of inefficient banks to catch up with the leading banks (efficiency increase) rather than the expansion of production frontier by the leading banks (technological progress).Traditional Banks, Productivity, Efficiency, Liberalization, Malmquist Index

Integrating Farmer Decision-Making to Target Land Retirement Programs

This paper develops a model to examine the impacts of uncertainty about crop production and irreversibility of program participation on determining land rental payments and least-cost land retirement targeting in the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. Results show that under risk aversion only, the marginal cost of abatement and the average land rental payment are less than those under risk neutrality. However, under uncertainty and irreversibility, the marginal cost and the average land rental payment are considerably higher than those under risk neutrality or risk aversion only. It is important to incorporate uncertainty and irreversibility into the design of land rental payments and in determining participation constraints.Farm Management, Land Economics/Use,