155 research outputs found

    Physics-Based and Closed-Form Model for Cryo-CMOS Subthreshold Swing

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    Cryogenic semiconductor device models are essential in designing control systems for quantum devices and in benchmarking the benefits of cryogenic cooling for high-performance computing. In particular, the saturation of subthreshold swing due to band tails is an important phenomenon to include in low-temperature analytical MOSFET models as it predicts theoretical lower bounds on the leakage power and supply voltage in tailored cryogenic CMOS technologies with tuned threshold voltages. Previous physics-based modeling required to evaluate functions with no closed-form solutions, defeating the purpose of fast and efficient model evaluation. Thus far, only the empirically proposed expressions are in closed form. This article bridges this gap by deriving a physics-based and closed-form model for the full saturating trend of the subthreshold swing from room down to low temperature. The proposed model is compared against experimental data taken on some long and short devices from a commercial 28-nm bulk CMOS technology down to 4.2 K.Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnolog

    The Level of DING Proteins Is Increased in HIV-Infected Patients: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

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    DING proteins constitute an interesting family, owing to their intriguing and important activities. However, after a decade of research, little is known about these proteins. In humans, at least five different DING proteins have been identified, which were implicated in important biological processes and diseases, including HIV. Indeed, recent data from different research groups have highlighted the anti-HIV activity of some DING representatives. These proteins share the ability to inhibit the transcriptional step of HIV-1, a key step of the viral cycle that is not yet targeted by the current therapies. Since such proteins have been isolated from humans, we undertook a comprehensive study that focuses on the relationship between these proteins and HIV-infection in an infectious context. Hence, we developed a home-made ELISA for the quantification of the concentration of DING proteins in human serum. Using this method, we were able to determine the concentration of DING proteins in healthy and HIV-infected patients. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase of the concentration of DING proteins in non treated and treated HIV-infected patients compared to controls. In addition, cell cultures infected with HIV also show an increased expression of DING proteins, ruling out the possible role of antiretroviral treatment in the increase of the expression of DING proteins. In conclusion, results from this study show that the organism reacts to HIV-infection by an overexpression of DING proteins

    Cooperativity and flexibility in enzyme evolution

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    Enzymes are flexible catalysts, and there has been substantial discussion about the extent to which this flexibility contributes to their catalytic efficiency. What has been significantly less discussed is the extent to which this flexibility contributes to their evolvability. Despite this, recent years have seen an increasing number of both experimental and computational studies that demonstrate that cooperativity and flexibility play significant roles in enzyme innovation. This review covers key developments in the field that emphasize the importance of enzyme dynamics not just to the evolution of new enzyme function(s), but also as a property that can be harnessed in the design of new artificial enzymes.The European Research Council has provided financial support under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement No. 306474. This work was also funded by the Feder Funds, Grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIO2015-66426-R and CSD2009-00088) and the Human Frontier Science Program (RGP0041/2017). A.P. is a Wenner-Gren Foundations Postdoctoral Fellow and S. C. L. K. is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow

    Amélioration rationalisée de l'enzyme hyperthermostable SsoPOX. : Perpespectives de développement d'un bio-décontaminant d'organophosphorés et d'un agent anti-virulence bactérienne.

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    Issue de l'Archaea extrĂȘmophile Sulfolobus solfataricus, SsoPox est une enzyme Ă  fort potentiel biotechnologique du fait de son extrĂȘme stabilitĂ©. Nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© son activitĂ© lactonase naturelle ainsi que son activitĂ© de promiscuitĂ© phosphotriestĂ©rase. Elle est capable d'hydrolyser les organophosphorĂ©s (OPs), des agents neurotoxiques utilisĂ©s en tant qu'insecticide et arme chimique de guerre dont les mĂ©thodes actuelles de dĂ©contamination restent insatisfaisantes. Non optimale, l'activitĂ© phosphotriestĂ©rase de SsoPox a Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©e en redessinĂ© in silico son site actif de afin qu'il ressemble Ă  celui des PTEs, hydrolysant trĂšs efficacement les OPs. L'enzyme ainsi dĂ©veloppĂ©e offre des perspectives d'utilisation pour la dĂ©contamination des pollutions aux OPs. L'activitĂ© lactonase de l'enzyme a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©e envers certaines N-Acyl HomosĂ©rine Lactones (AHLs), des molĂ©cules impliquĂ©es dans la communication inter-bactĂ©rienne (quorum sensing). Or, le quorum sensing rĂ©gule notamment la virulence bactĂ©rienne (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ainsi, l'utilisation de lactonases telles que SsoPox constituerait une alternative aux antibiotiques par interfĂ©rence au quorum sensing (i.e. quorum quenching). L'ensemble de ces travaux a conduit au dĂ©pĂŽt d'un brevet protĂ©geant les sĂ©quences des variants amĂ©liorĂ©s ainsi que leurs domaines d'applications. Ils permirent Ă©galement d'Ă©tudier des phĂ©nomĂšnes clĂ©s dans l'Ă©volution des enzymes tels que l'Ă©pistasie, la promiscuitĂ© et la flexibilisation. Ce projet, mĂȘlant Sciences fondamentales et appliquĂ©es, pourrait, in fine, mener Ă  la valorisation d'un projet de recherche acadĂ©mique.Issued from the extremophilic Archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus, SsoPox exhibits an important biotechnological potential because of its extreme stability. Belonging to the phosphotriesterase-like lactonase family, its natural lactonase and promiscuous phosphotriesterase activities were characterized. The enzyme is able to hydrolyze organophosphates (OPs), i.e. nerve agents used as insecticides and chemical warfare agents for which current methods of decontamination are unsatisfactory. The phosphotriesterase activity of SsoPox is suboptimal unlike some mesophilic enzymes (PTEs). To develop a robust bio-decontaminant of OPs, we redesigned, in silico, SsoPox active site in the aim to mimic that of PTEs. Using a mutation database in an in vitro evolution protocol, we screened, selected and characterized efficient enzymes for OPs insecticides hydrolysis, offering prospects in OPs decontamination. SsoPox lactonase activity was also improved for some N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHLs), molecules involved in the inter-bacterial communication (quorum sensing). Quorum sensing regulates several functions such as virulence of some pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The use of lactonases such as SsoPox could constitute an alternative to antibiotics by quorum sensing (and thus virulence) inhibition (i.e. quorum quenching). These works were patented, protecting the sequences of improved variants and their fields of application. They also allowed to study key phenomena in enzyme evolution such as epistasis, promiscuity and flexibility. This project, combining basic and applied Sciences, could lead, in fine, to the promotion of an academic research project

    Compact modeling of MOSFETs transistors with III-V channels and thin film for advanced CMOS applications

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    Les MOSFET III-V sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme des candidats potentiels pour les futures gĂ©nĂ©rations d'applications Ă  base de logique CMOS, grĂące Ă  leurs remarquables propriĂ©tĂ©s de transport.D'un autre cĂŽtĂ©, ils souffrent de dĂ©savantages physiques (tels que les courants tunnels ou leur faible densitĂ© d'Ă©tats), et de difficultĂ©s technologiques (en particulier les Ă©tats d'interface), qui peuvent dĂ©tĂ©riorer leur performance.Dans cette thĂšse, un modĂšle physique et compact du MOSFET III-V est Ă©tabli. Il inclut une description des effets canaux courts, de la charge d'inversion (considĂ©rant aussi les effets de structure de bandes dans les canaux fins), les caractĂ©ristiques de transport, les courants tunnels, et les composants externes tels que les rĂ©sistances d'accĂšs et les capacitĂ©s parasites.En utilisant ce modĂšle, la performance des MOSFET III-V est Ă©valuĂ©e par rapport Ă  celle du Si, et une feuille de route incluant ces dispositifs est prĂ©sentĂ©e.Il est dĂ©montrĂ© que les canaux Ă  matĂ©riaux III-V pourraient prĂ©senter une meilleure performance que le Si, pourvu que le problĂšme des piĂšges d'interface soit rĂ©solu. Si tel est le cas, ils pourraient ĂȘtre introduits au noeud "7nm".La densitĂ© de piĂšges, Ă  partir de laquelle la performance des MOSFET III-V devient pire que celle du Si, dĂ©pend de l'architecture considĂ©rĂ©e.Enfin, les canaux trĂšs fins nĂ©cessaires pour atteindre une bonne performance avec les matĂ©riaux III-V risquent de poser des problĂšmes de variabilitĂ©, qui pourraient avec des rĂ©percussions nĂ©gatives au niveau de la conception du circuit.III-V MOSFETs are considered as a potential candidate for next generation CMOS logic applications thanks to their remarkable transport properties.On the other hand, they suffer from several physical drawbacks (such as tunneling currents or low density-of-states) and technological difficulties (in particular interface traps), which may deteriorate their performance.In this thesis, a physical compact model of the III-V MOSFET is established. It includes a description of short-channel effects, inversion charge (also considering bandstructure effects in thin channels), transport characteristics, tunneling currents, and external components such as access resistances and fringe capacitances. Using this model, the performance of III-V MOSFETs is benchmarked against Si, and a possible roadmap including these devices is presented. It has been found that the III-V channels may feature a significant performance advantage over Si, provided that the interface traps issue be solved. In that case, they may be introduced at the "7nm" node. The critical trap density, above which the performance of III-V MOSFETs degrades below Si, depends on the architecture considered. Finally, the very thin channels required to achieve a good performance with III-V materials may raise variability issues that could reverberate negatively at the circuit design level

    Kinetic study of the thermal cracking of the products of the biomass gazeification

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    Des applications avancĂ©es, telles que la production catalytique de combustibles liquides, demande un gaz de synthĂšse de haute puretĂ©. La biomasse semble ĂȘtre une matiĂšre premiĂšre prometteuse, mais le gaz doit ĂȘtre nettoyĂ© de façon drastique pour atteindre les spĂ©cifications. Le reformage Ă  haute tempĂ©rature (> 1300 K) est une alternative crĂ©dible Ă  la voie catalytique. La cinĂ©tique de reformage Ă  haute tempĂ©rature dans une atmosphĂšre rĂ©ductrice est mal connue. Si des mĂ©canismes dĂ©taillĂ©s existent dĂ©jĂ  pour la combustion d'hydrocarbures, les rĂ©actions sensibles sont diffĂ©rentes dans ce cas. Une Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale en rĂ©acteur piston et une modĂ©lisation du vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. L'influence cinĂ©tique des gaz prĂ©sents dans le gaz de synthĂšse sur la conversion des hydrocarbures a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Le comportement de mĂ©langes complexes reprĂ©sentatifs des gaz Ă  traiter a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© en fonction de la tempĂ©rature. L’espĂšce la plus difficile Ă  reformer est le mĂ©thane : une tempĂ©rature supĂ©rieure Ă  1700 K est nĂ©cessaire. Un modĂšle dĂ©rivĂ© de celui de la combustion des hydrocarbures lĂ©gers a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©. Les tendances expĂ©rimentales sont bien reproduites. Le reformage du carbone se fait principalement par rĂ©action des radicaux OH avec les C₂ insaturĂ©s, prĂ©curseurs de suie. Les conditions nĂ©cessaires pour reformer le mĂ©thane Ă  haute tempĂ©rature sont Ă©galement donc favorables Ă  la formation de suies indĂ©sirablesAdvanced applications, such as catalytic production of liquid fuels, request a high quality synthesis gas. Biomass may be a promising feedstock but the syngas needs to be drastically cleaned to reach the specifications. The high temperature homogeneous reforming (> 1300 K) seems a credible alternative to the catalytic way. The reforming kinetic at high temperatures in a reducing atmosphere has to be understood. If detailed mechanisms already exist for the combustion of hydrocarbons, sensitive reactions are different in this case. An experimental and modelling study of the steam cracking of small hydrocarbons have been performed. The experiments have been done in a plug flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. The kinetic influence of different gases of the syngas on the hydrocarbons conversion has been investigated. The behaviour of representative complex mixtures has been also studied as a function of the temperature. The most difficult species to reform is methane: temperature as high as 1700 K is necessary. A model derived from that for the combustion of light hydrocarbons was developed. The experimental trends are well reproduced. Carbon reforming appends mainly by reaction of OH radicals with unsaturated C₂ molecules, which are soot precursors. Process conditions necessary for high temperature methane reforming would then be favourable to undesirable soot formatio

    Etude cinétique du reformage thermique des produits issus de la gazéification de la biomasse

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    Advanced applications, such as catalytic production of liquid fuels, request a high quality synthesis gas. Biomass may be a promising feedstock but the syngas needs to be drastically cleaned to reach the specifications. The high temperature homogeneous reforming (> 1300 K) seems a credible alternative to the catalytic way. The reforming kinetic at high temperatures in a reducing atmosphere has to be understood. If detailed mechanisms already exist for the combustion of hydrocarbons, sensitive reactions are different in this case. An experimental and modelling study of the steam cracking of small hydrocarbons have been performed. The experiments have been done in a plug flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. The kinetic influence of different gases of the syngas on the hydrocarbons conversion has been investigated. The behaviour of representative complex mixtures has been also studied as a function of the temperature. The most difficult species to reform is methane: temperature as high as 1700 K is necessary. A model derived from that for the combustion of light hydrocarbons was developed. The experimental trends are well reproduced. Carbon reforming appends mainly by reaction of OH radicals with unsaturated C molecules, which are soot precursors. Process conditions necessary for high temperature methane reforming would then be favourable to undesirable soot formationDes applications avancĂ©es, telles que la production catalytique de combustibles liquides, demande un gaz de synthĂšse de haute puretĂ©. La biomasse semble ĂȘtre une matiĂšre premiĂšre prometteuse, mais le gaz doit ĂȘtre nettoyĂ© de façon drastique pour atteindre les spĂ©cifications. Le reformage Ă  haute tempĂ©rature (> 1300 K) est une alternative crĂ©dible Ă  la voie catalytique. La cinĂ©tique de reformage Ă  haute tempĂ©rature dans une atmosphĂšre rĂ©ductrice est mal connue. Si des mĂ©canismes dĂ©taillĂ©s existent dĂ©jĂ  pour la combustion d'hydrocarbures, les rĂ©actions sensibles sont diffĂ©rentes dans ce cas. Une Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale en rĂ©acteur piston et une modĂ©lisation du vapocraquage d'hydrocarbures ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. L'influence cinĂ©tique des gaz prĂ©sents dans le gaz de synthĂšse sur la conversion des hydrocarbures a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Le comportement de mĂ©langes complexes reprĂ©sentatifs des gaz Ă  traiter a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© en fonction de la tempĂ©rature. L'espĂšce la plus difficile Ă  reformer est le mĂ©thane : une tempĂ©rature supĂ©rieure Ă  1700 K est nĂ©cessaire. Un modĂšle dĂ©rivĂ© de celui de la combustion des hydrocarbures lĂ©gers a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©. Les tendances expĂ©rimentales sont bien reproduites. Le reformage du carbone se fait principalement par rĂ©action des radicaux OH avec les C insaturĂ©s, prĂ©curseurs de suie. Les conditions nĂ©cessaires pour reformer le mĂ©thane Ă  haute tempĂ©rature sont Ă©galement donc favorables Ă  la formation de suies indĂ©sirable
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