Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into bb¯ produced in association with top quarks decaying hadronically in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for Higgs boson production in association with a pair of top quarks (tt¯ H) is performed, where the Higgs boson decays to bb¯, and both top quarks decay hadronically. The data used correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1 of pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search selects events with at least six energetic jets and uses a boosted decision tree algorithm to discriminate between signal and Standard Model background. The dominant multijet background is estimated using a dedicated data-driven technique. For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, an upper limit of 6.4 (5.4) times the Standard Model cross section is observed (expected) at 95% confidence level. The best-fit value for the signal strength is μ = 1.6 ± 2.6 times the Standard Model expectation for mH = 125 GeV. Combining all tt¯ H searches carried out by ATLAS at √s = 8 and 7 TeV, an observed (expected) upper limit of 3.1 (1.4) times the Standard Model expectation is obtained at 95% confidence level, with a signal strength μ = 1.7 ± 0.8

Search for the Higgs boson produced in association with a W boson and decaying to four b-quarks via two spin-zero particles in pp collisions at 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a dedicated search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of new spin-zero particles, H → aa, where the particle a decays to b-quarks and has a mass in the range of 20–60 GeV. The search is performed in events where the Higgs boson is produced in association with a W boson, giving rise to a signature of a lepton (electron or muon), missing transverse momentum, and multiple jets from b-quark decays. The analysis is based on the full dataset of pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV recorded in 2015 by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb−1. No significant excess of events above the Standard Model prediction is observed, and a 95% confidence-level upper limit is derived for the product of the production cross section for pp → W H times the branching ratio for the decay H → aa → 4b. The upper limit ranges from 6.2 pb for an a-boson mass ma = 20 GeV to 1.5 pb for ma = 60 GeV

Abundance, Survival And Growth Of Ipomoea Pes-caprae (l.) R. Br. (convolvulaceae) Seedlings On Santa Catarina Island, Santa Catarina State, Brazil [abundância, Sobrevivência E Crescimento De Plântulas De Ipomoea Pes-caprae (l.) R. Br. (convolvulaceae) Na Ilha De Santa Catarina, Sc, Brasil]

Seedlings of Ipomoea pes-caprae occurred on nine of the beaches studied (n = 10) at Santa Catarina Island, (State of Santa Catarina) and in 21 monitored patches (n = 30); it did not occur at the smallest beach. Seedling densities varied from 0 to 5.2 m2, and these differences are in part explained by viable seed bank densities. Seedling survival was low (0.6%) considering the 2823 plants monitored over three years. The main causes of death were wave erosion and burial. No seedlings survived at the beach zone (n = 2684). Seedlings survived in the fore dune, in patches of Ipomoea pes-caprae (0.8%, n = 119), in recolonization areas where Ipomoea pes-caprae was partially removed (80.0%, n = 20) and in recent dune areas, which were reconstructed after intense wave erosion (four seedlings observed). Seedling growth was greatest at the latter. Experiments showed that one-month-old seedlings did not tolerate burial in 10 cm of sand. When buried by 5 cm of sand, 50.0% of the seedlings survived, but these had fewer leaves, lower biomass and lower allocation to root and shoot development. All established seedlings of Ipomoea pes-caprae were recruited in a period without wave erosion; habitat stability was a key factor in Ipomoea pes-caprae regeneration.204875885Abreu de Castilhos, J. & Gré, J.C.R. 1997. Praias da Ilha de Santa Catarina: caracterização morfológica e problemas de erosão costeira. Pp. 107-113. In: Colóquio Franco-brasileiro sobre manejo costeiro da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis 1977. Florianópolis, UFSCUniversité Bordeux 1Bach, C.E., Seedling survivorship of the beach morning glory, Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) (1998) Australian Journal of Botany, 46 (1), pp. 123-133Bernardi, H., Cordazzo, C.V., Costa, C.S.B., Efeito de ressacas sobre Blutaparon portulacoides (St. Hill.) Mears, nas dunas costeiras do sul do Brasil (1987) Ciência e Cultura, 39 (5-6), pp. 545-547Bernardi, H., Seeliger, U., Population biology of Blutaparon portulacoides (St. Hill.) Mears on southern Brazilian backshores (1989) Ciência e Cultura, 41 (11), pp. 1110-1113Boorman, L.A. & Fuller, R.M. 1984. The comparative ecology of two sand dune biennials: Lactuca virosa L. and Cynoglossum officinale L. New Phytologist 69: 609-629Castellani, T.T., Folchini, R., Scherer, K.Z., Variação temporal da vegetação em um trecho de baixada úmida entre dunas, Praia da Joaquina, Florianópolis, SC (1995) Insula, 24, pp. 37-72Castellani, T.T., Santos, F.A.M., Fatores de risco à produção de sementes de Ipomoea pes-caprae (2005) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 28 (4), pp. 773-783Castellani, T.T., Santos, F.A.M., Abundância de ramos reprodutivos e produção de sementes em populações de Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil (2005) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 19 (2), pp. 251-264Castellani, T.T., Scherer, K.Z., Paula, G.S., Population ecology of Paepalanthus polyanthus (Bong.) Kunth: Demography and life history of a sand dune monocarpic plant (2001) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 24 (2), pp. 123-134De Jong, T.J., Klinkhamer, P.G.L., Population ecology of the biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a coastal sand-dune area (1988) Journal of Ecology, 76, pp. 366-38

Litter Production And Accumulation In The Edge And Interior Of Atlantic Rain Forest Fragments Of Different Sizes [produção E Espessura Da Serapilheira Na Borda E Interior De Fragmentos Florestais De Mata Atlântica De Diferentes Tamanhos]

Nowadays, forests fragmentation is one of the main impacts in the natural communities and can lead to extinction of many species and modifications in many ecological processes. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of the size and the edge of forest fragments in the production and accumulation of litter and in the canopy openness of four different-size forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest. The litter production was bigger in the larger fragment (8.90 t ha -1 year -1 in the interior and 8.76 t ha -1 year -1 in the edge) than in the three smaller fragments (7.29 t ha -1 year -1 in the interior and 7.27 t ha -1 year -1 in the edge), however the thickness of the litter layer deposited on the ground and the canopy openness of the forest had no relation with the size of the fragments. No difference was found in the production and accumulation of litter and canopy openness between areas of edge and interior. The dry season had a direct influence in the increase of the litter production. Concerning the fragment area, we can infer that the difference between litterfall and accumulation on the ground might be related with the greater decomposition rates in the larger fragment, due to the higher humidity. No relation between litter production and canopy openness was found, probably because of the great spatial heterogeity caused by the frequency of gap formation and structural complexity and deciduousness of the forest.302271280ALVAREZ-SÁNCHEZ, J., GUEVARA, S., Litter interception on Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. (Palmae) in a Tropical Rain Forest (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 89-92AYRES, M., AYRES JUNIOR., M., AYRES, D.L. & SANTOS, A.S.S. 2000. BioEstat versão 2. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, BelémBENÍTEZ-MALVIDO, J., MARTINEZ-RAMOS, M., Impact of forest fragmentation on understory plant species richness in Amazonia (2003) Conservation Biology, 17, pp. 389-400BERNACCI, L.C., DURIGAN, G., CORREIA, G., ARBOCZ, G., CATHARINO, E. & METZGER, J.P.M. 2004. Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação em fragmentos florestais do Planalto de Ibiúna. Anexo 7. In Conservação da biodiversidade em paisagens fragmentadas no Planalto Atlântico de São Paulo (J.P. Metzger, ed.). Fapesp 99/05123-4 technical report n.4, Fapesp, São PauloBIANCHINI, E., PIMENTA, J.A., SANTOS, F.A.M., Spatial and temporal variation in the canopy cover in a tropical semi-deciduous forest (2001) Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 44, pp. 269-276BRUNA, E.M., Effects of forest fragmentation on Heliconia acuminata seedling recruitment in central Amazonia (2002) Oecologia, 132, pp. 235-243DIDHAM, R.K., LAWTON, J.H., Edge structure determines the magnitude of changes in microclimate and vegetation structure in Tropical Forest fragments (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 17-30DIDHAM, R.K., Altered leaf-litter decomposition rates in tropical forest fragments (1998) Oecologia, 116, pp. 397-406DRAKE, D.R., PRATT, L.W., Seedling mortality in Hawaiian rain forest: The role of small-scale physical disturbance (2001) Biotropica, 33, pp. 319-323EDWARDS, P.J., Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea (1977) Journal of Ecology, 65, pp. 971-992FACCELLI, J.M., FACCELLI, E., Interactions after death: Plant litter controls priority affects in a successional plant community (1993) Oecologia, 95, pp. 277-282FACCELLI, J.M., PICKETT, S.T.A., Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure (1991) The Botanical Review, 57, pp. 1-32FONTOURA, S.B., GANADE, G., LAROCCA, J., Changes in plant community diversity and composition across an edge between Araucaria forest and pasture in South Brazil (2006) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 29, pp. 79-91FOX, B.J., TAYLOR, J.E., FOX, M.D., WILLIAMS, C., Vegetation changes across edges of rainforest remnants (1997) Biological Conservation, 82, pp. 1-13GARCÍA-GUZMÁN, G., BENÍTEZ-MALVIDO, B., Effect of litter on the incidence of leaf-fungal pathogens and herbivory in seedling of the tropical tree Nectandra ambigens (2003) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19, pp. 171-177GEHLHAUSEN, S.M., SCHWARTZ, M.W., AUGSPURGER, C.K., Vegetation and microclimatic edge effects in two mixed-mesophytic forest fragments (2000) Plant Ecology, 147, pp. 21-35HAINES, B., FOSTER, R.B., Energy flow through litter in a Panamanian forest (1997) Journal of Ecology, 65, pp. 147-155KAPOS, V., Efffects of isolation on the water status of forest patches in the Brazilian Amazon (1989) Journal of Tropical Forest, 5, pp. 173-185KAPOS, V., GANADE, G., MATSUI, E., VICTORIA, R.L., d 13C as an indicator of edge effects in tropical rainforest reserves (1993) Journal of Ecology, 81, pp. 425-432KAPOS, V., WANDELLI, E., CAMARGO, J.L., GANADE, G., Edge- related changes in environment and plant responses due to forest fragmentation in Central Amazonia (1997) Tropical forest remnants: Ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities, pp. 33-44. , W. F. Laurance & R.O. Bierregaard, eds, Chicago University Press, New York, pKÖPPEN, W., (1948) Climatologia, , Fondo de Cultura Económica, MéxicoKUNKEL-WESTPHAL, I., KUNKEL, P., Litter fall in a Guatemalan primary forest, with details of leaf-shedding by some common tree species (1979) Journal of Ecology, 67, pp. 665-686LAURANCE, W.F., SALICRUP, D.P., DELAMÔNICA, P., FEARNSIDE, P.M., D'ANGELO, S., JEROZOLINSKI, A., POHL, L., LOVEJOY, T.E., Rain Forest fragmentation and structure on Amazonian liana communities (2001) Ecology, 82, pp. 105-116LAURANCE, W.F., YENSEN, E., Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats (1991) Biological Conservation, 55, pp. 77-92MACDOUGALL, A., KELLMAN, M., The understorey light regime and patterrns of tree seedlings in tropical riparian forest patches (1992) Journal of Biogeography, 19, pp. 667-675MARTÍNEZ-RAMOS, M., ALVAREZ-BUYLLA, E., SARUKHÁN, J., PIÑERO, D., Treefall age determination and gap dynamics in a tropical forest (1988) Journal of Ecology, 76, pp. 700-716MATLACK, G.R., Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge sites in the Eastern United States (1993) Biological Conservation, 66, pp. 185-194MESQUITA, R.C.G., DELAMÔNICA, P., LAURENCE, W.F., Effect of surrounding vegetation on edge-related tree mortality in Amazonian forest fragments (1999) Biological Conservation, 91, pp. 129-134METZGER, J.P., SIMONETTI, C., UEZU, A., DIEDERICHSEN, A. & GOULART, W. 2002. Estrutura da paisagem em Caucaia do Alto (Planalto de Ibiúna, SP). Sub-projeto 1. Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação. Relatório Fapesp de acompanhamento anual do programa Biota/Fapesp: Biodiversity conservation in fragmented landscape at the Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo (Brazil). Processo No 99/05123-4MORAES, R.M., DELITTI, W.B.C., DE VUONO, Y.S., Litterfall and litter nutrient content in two Brazilian tropical forests (1999) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 22, pp. 9-16MORELLATO, L.P.C., Nutrient cycling in two southeast Brazilian forests: Litterfall and litter standing crop (1992) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8, pp. 205-215NASCIMENTO, A.C.P. 2005. Produção e aporte de nutrientes da serrapilheira em um fragmento de mata atlântica na Rebio União, RJ: efeito de borda. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos GoytacazesNICOTRA, A.B., CHAZDON, R.L., IRIARTE, S.V.B., Spatial heterogeneity of light and wood seedling regeneration in tropical wet forests (1999) Ecology, 80, pp. 1908-1926OLIVEIRA FILHO, A.T., FONTES, M.A.L., Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic Forests in Southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 793-810PARDINI, P., SOUZA, S.M., BRAGANETO, R., METZGER, J.P., The role of forest structure, fragment size and corridors in maintaining small mammal abundance and diversity in an Atlantic forest landscape (2005) Biological Conservation, 124, pp. 253-266READER, R.J., Control on seedling emergence by ground cover and seed predation in relation to seed size for some old-field species (1993) Journal of Ecology, 81, pp. 169-175ROGERS, H.M., Litterfall, decomposition and nutrient release in a lowland tropical rain forest, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (2002) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, pp. 449-456ROSS, J.L.S., MOROZ, I.C., (1997) Mapa geomorfológico do Estado de São Paulo, escala, 1. , 1:500.000. Geografia-FFLCH-USP, IPT/ Fapesp, São Paulo, vPrograma de Conservação do Sistema Cotia. Relatório Conclusivo (tomo 3): Avaliação Ambiental (1997) Sabesp/Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, , SABESP, São PauloSANTOS, S.L., VÁLIO, I.F.M., Litter accumulation and its effect on seedling recruitment in a Southeast Brazilian Tropical Forest (2002) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 25, pp. 89-92SCARIOT, A., Seedling mortality by litterfall in Amazonian forest fragments (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 662-669SIQUEIRA, L.P., MATOS, D.M.S., PORTELA, R.C.Q., BRAZ, M.I.G., SILVA-LIMA, L., MATOS, M.B., Using the variances of microclimate variables to determine edge effects in small forest Atlantic Rain Forest fragments, South-Eastern Brazil (2004) Ecotropica, 10, pp. 59-64SIZER, N., TANNER, E.V.J., FERRAZ, I.D.K., Edge effects on litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations in forest fragments in central Amazonia (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, pp. 853-863www.statsoft.com, STATSOFT. 2001. STATISTICA data analysis software system, version 6SYSTAT. 1998. SYSTAT 8.0 Statistics. SPSS, Sao Jose, CAUEZU, A., METZGER, J.P., VIELLIARD, J.M.E., Effects of structural and functional connectivity and patch size on the abundance of seven Atlantic Forest bird species (2005) Biological Conservation, 123, pp. 507-519VASCONCELOS, H.L., LUIZÃO, F.J., Litter production and litter nutrient concentrations in a fragmented Amazonian landscape (2004) Ecological Application, 14, pp. 884-892VIANA, V.M., TABANEZ, A.A.J., BATISTA, J.L., Dynamics and restoration of forest fragments in the Brazilian Atlantic Moist Forest (1997) Tropical forest remnants: Ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities, pp. 351-365. , W.F. Laurance & R.O. Bierregaard, eds, Chicago University Press, New York, pVITOUSEK, P.M., Litterfall, nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forest (1984) Ecology, 65, pp. 285-298VON ENDE, C.N., Repeated-measures analysis: Growth and other time-dependent measures (1993) Design and analysis of ecological experiments, pp. 113-137. , S. M. Scheiner & J. Gurevitch, eds, International Thomson Publishing, New York, pWILLIAMS-LINERA, G., Vegetation structure and environmental conditions of forest edges in Panama (1990) Journal of Ecology, 78, pp. 356-373ZAR, J.H., (1999) Biostatistical Analysis. 4 th, , Prentice Hall, New Jerse

Geographic Distribution Of Epiphytic Bromeliads Of The Una Region, Northeastern Brazil [ditribui̧ão Geográfica De Bromélias Epífitas Na Região De Una, Nordeste Do Brasil]

Many Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest plant and animal species are geographically restricted to Southern Bahia and Northern Espírito Santo States. We investigated the geographic distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in the lowland forest of the Una region (15° 17' 34' S - 39° 04' 30 W) in Southern Bahia. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: i) what is the extent of each species distribution?; and ii) are the Bromeliaceae subfamilies distributed differently from one another? Almost half of the 40 species (47.5%) occur exclusively in the Southern Bahia-Northern Espírito Santo region and are herein referred as endemic species. The highest percentage of the 15 species of Tillandsioideae (46.7%) occur throughout the South American Continent and most of the 25 species of Bromelioideae (68.0%) are mainly represented by endemic species. The Una region has almost two times more species than a forested area located 40 km west, suggesting marked increases in diversity in over relatively short distances. The endemism data around Una indicates that species are geographically distributed over an area spanning approximately six to seven degrees in latitude and longitude. This result contrasts with the geographic distribution of Andean epiphytes, mainly represented by Tillandsioideae, that have large geographical distributions. Larger-scale analyses and standardized methods are necessary to verify whether the narrow geographical distribution of most epiphytic bromeliads in the Una region is consistent across different forest types of the Atlantic Rainforest.104127131Alves, M.C., (1990) The Role of Cacao Plantations in the Conservation of the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia Brazil, , MSc dissertation, University of FloridaAlves, T.F., (2005) Distribuição Geográfica, Forófitos, Espécies De Bromélias Epífitas Nas Matas E Plantações De Cacau Da Região De Una Bahia, , PhD dissertation, Universidade Estadual de CampinasAmorim, A.M., Fiaschi, P., Jardim, J.G., Thomas, W.W., Clifton, B.C., Carvalho, A.M., The vascular plants of a forest fragment in southern Bahia, Brazil (2005) Sida, 21 (3), pp. 1727-1752Amorim, A.M.A., Thomas, W.W., Carvalho, A.M.V., Jardim, J.G., Floristics of the una biological reserve bahia, brasil (2008) Mem, 100, pp. 67-146. , New York Botan. GAndresen, M., Thornbill, A., Koopowitz, H., Tropical forest disruption and stochastic biodiversity losses (1997) Ecology, Management and Conservation of Fragmented Communities, , Tropical Forest Remnants. (W.F. Laurence, R.O. Bierregard Jr., ed.). The University of Chicgo Press, ChicagoCaswell, H., Cohen, J.E., Local and regional regulation of species-area relations: A patch-occupancy model (1993) Historical and Geographical Perspectives, pp. 99-107. , Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. (R.E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter eds.). Chicago PressDiagnóstico sócio-econômico da região cacaueira (1976) Recursos Florestais, 7. , CEPLAC & IICA, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira e Instituto Interamericano de Ciências Agrícolas, Ilhéus(2001) Avaliação E Ações Prioritárias Para a Conservação Da Biodiversidade Da Mata Atlântica E Campos Sulinos, , CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA & FUNDAÇÃO BIODIVERSITAS, Brasília. Ministério Do Meio Ambiente/SBFFontoura, T., Sylvestre, L.S., Vaz, A.M.F., Vieira, C.M., (1997) Epífitas Vasculares, Hemiepífitas E Hemiparasitas Da Reserva Ecológica De Macaé De Cima, pp. 89-102. , (H.C. Lima & R.R. Guedes-Bruni, ed.). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroGivnish, T.J., Millam, K.C., Berry, P.E., Sytsma, K.J., Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography of Bromeliaceae inferred from ndhF sequence data (2007) Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution-Poales, pp. 3-26. , J.T. Columbus, E.A. Friar, J.M. Porter, L.M. Prince & M.G. Simpson, ed.). Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, ClaremontJohns, N.D., Conservation in Brazil's chocolate forest: The unlikely persistence of the traditional cocoa agroecosystem (1999) Environ. Manage, 23 (1), pp. 31-47Kessler, M., Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes (2000) Plant Ecol, 149 (2), pp. 181-193Kessler, M., Patterns of diversity and range size of selected plant groups along an elevational transect in the bolivian andes (2001) Biodivers. Conserv, 10 (11), pp. 1897-1920Kessler, M., Environmental patterns and ecological correlates of range-size among bromeliad communities of Andean forests in Bolívia (2002) Bot. Rev, 68 (1), pp. 100-127Kessler, M., Species richness and ecophysiological type among bolivian bromeliad communities (2002) Biodivers. Conserv, 11 (6), pp. 987-1010Kreft, H., Köster, N., Küper, W.J.N., Barthlott, W., Diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes in Western Amazonia, Yasuní, Ecuador (2004) J. Biogeogr, 31 (9), pp. 1463-1476Leme, E.M.C., Novas Bromeliáceas do Brasil (1987) V. Bradea, 4, pp. 392-405Leme, E.M.C., Canistrum (1997), Bromélias da Mata Atlântica. Salamandra, Rio de JaneiroLeme, E.M.C., New species of Brazilian Bromeliaceae: A tribute to Lyman B. Smith (1999) Harvard Papers Bot, 4, pp. 135-168Leme, E.M.C., (2000) Nidularium-BroméLias Da Mata AtlâNtica, , Sextantes Artes, Rio De JaneiroMartinelli, G., Vieira, C.M., Gonzalez, M., Leitman, P., Piratininga, A., Costa, A.F., Forzza, R.C., Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica brasileira: Lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação (2008) Rodriguésia, 59 (1), pp. 209-258Martini, A.M.Z., Fiaschi, P., Amorim, A.M., Paixão, J.P., A hot-point within a hot-spot: A high diversity site in Brazil's Atlantic Forest (2007) Biodivers. Conserv, 16 (11), pp. 3111-3128Mori, S.A., Boom, B.M., Prance, G.T., Distribution patterns and conservation of eastern Brazilian coastal forest tree species (1981) Brittonia, 33, pp. 233-245Mori, S.A., Boom, B.M., Southern Bahian moist forests (1983) Bot. Rev, 49, pp. 155-232Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J., Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities (2000) Nature, 403, pp. 853-858. , doi:10.1038/35002501Nieder, J., Engwald, S., Barthlott, W., (1999) Patterns of Neotropical Diversity Selbyana, 20 (1), pp. 66-75Nieder, J., Prosperí, J., Michaloud, G., Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diversity (2001) Plant Ecol, 153, pp. 51-63Perry, D.R., A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees (1978) Biotropica, 10, pp. 155-157Reis, J.R.M., Fontoura, T., Diversidade de bromélias epífitas na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra do Teimoso-Jussari, BA (2009) Biota Neotrop, 9 (1). , http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v9n1/pt/abstract?article+bn01209012009, (último acesso em: 20/01/2010)Scarano, F.R., Duarte, H.M., Rôças, G., Barreto, S.M.B., Amado, E., Reinert, F., Wendt, T., Barros, C.F., Acclimation or stress symptom? An integrated study of intraspecific variation in the clonal plant Aechmea bromeliifolia, a widespread CAM tank-bromeliad (2002) Bot. J. Linn Soc, 140, pp. 391-401Siqueira-Filho, J.A., Leme, E.M., Fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste: Biodiversidade (2006) Conservação E Suas Bromélias, , Andrea Jackobsson Estúdio Editorial, Rio de JaneiroSiqueira-Filho, J.A., Tabarelli, M., Bromeliad species of the Atlantic forest of north-east Brazil: Losses of critical populations of endemic species (2006) Oryx, 40 (2), pp. 1-7Smith, L.B., Downs, R.J., Bromeliaceae (Pitcairnioideae) (1974) Fl. Neotrop, 14 (1), pp. 1-658Smith, L.B., Downs, R.J., Bromeliaceae (Tillandsioideae) (1977) Fl. Neotrop, 14 (2), pp. 663-1492Smith, L.B., Downs, R.J., Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) (1979) Fl. Neotrop, 14 (3), pp. 1493-2142Sousa, G.M., Revisão taxonômica de Aechmea Ruiz and Pav. Subg (2004) Chevaliera (Gaudich. Ex Beer) Baker, , Bromelioideae-Bromeliaceae. PhD thesis, Universidade de São PauloSousa, L.O.F., Wendt, T., Taxonomy and conservation of the genus Lymania (Bromeliaceae) in the southern Bahian Atlantic Forest of Brazil (2008) Bot. J. Linn. Soc, 157, pp. 47-66Thomas, W.M., Carvalho, A.M., Amorim, A.A., Garrison, J., Arbeláez, A.L., Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil (1998) Biodivers. Conserv, 7 (3), pp. 311-322Veloso, H.P., Rangel-Filho, A.L.R., Lima, J.C.A., (1991) Classificação da vegetaçatild;o brasileira, , Adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de JaneiroVersieux, L.M., Wendt, T., Bromeliaceae diversity and conservation in Minas Gerais state, Brazil (2007) Biodivers. Conserv, 16, pp. 2989-3009. , DOI: 10.1007/s10531007-9157-

Ontogenetic Stages Characterization For Three Palm Species: A Proposal Of Standardization For Population Dynamics Studies [caracterização Dos Estádios Ontogenéticos De Três Espécies De Palmeiras: Uma Proposta De Padronização Para Estudos De Dinâmica Populacional1]

The objective of this study was to identify, classify and describe the ontogenetic stages and/or size classes of three tropical palm species, Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret, Euterpe edulis Mart. and Geonoma schottiana Mart. The populations were sampled in five fragments of Atlantic Rain Forest in 2005. All individuals had their diameter and height measured, and also the number and kind of leaf recorded in each fragment of nine 30 × 30 m plots. Based on these measurements, we assigned each individual to one of five classes. Astrocaryum aculeatissimum and E. edulis change their kind of leaf throughout development. Geonoma schottiana has a high variation in the kind of leaf, and only the seedlings stage displays only one kind of leaf. The appearance of stem and reproductive events also represents class change. The kind of leaf, the surge of the stem and reproductive events were the main characteristics used for the ontogenetic stage identification. However, for E. edulis and G. schottiana class identification, we also used quantitative characteristic because some stages have wide size variation. Studies that characterize and describe species ontogenetic stages are very important for standardization and to allow comparison between studies of population structure and dynamics.344523535Alves, L.F., Martins, F.R., Santos, F.A.M., Allometry of a neotropical palm, Euterpe edulis Mart (2004) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 18, pp. 369-374Beck, H., Terborgh, J., Groves versus isolates: How spatial aggregation of Astrocaryum murumuru palms affects seed removal (2002) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, pp. 275-288Bernacci, L.C., Martins, F.R., Santos, F.A.M., Estrutura de estádios ontogenéticos em população nativa da palmeira Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Arecaceae) (2008) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 22, pp. 119-130Carvalho, R.M., Martins, F.R., Santos, F.A.M., Leaf ecology of pre-reproductive ontogenetic stages of the palm tree Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) (1999) Annals of Botany, 83, pp. 225-233Chazdon, R.L., Plant size and form in the understory palm genus Geonoma: Are species variations on a theme? (1991) American Journal of Botany, 78, pp. 680-694Chazdon, R.L., Spatial heterogeneity in tropical forest structure: Canopy palms as landscape mosaics (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, pp. 8-9Galetti, M., Aleixo, A., Effects of palm heart harvesting on avian frugivores in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil (1998) Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, pp. 286-293Gatsu, K.L.E., Smirnova, O.V., Vorontzova, L.V., Zaugolnova, L.B., Zhukova, L.A., Age states of plants of various growth forms: A review (1980) Journal of Ecology, 68, pp. 675-696Henderson, A., A revision of Geonoma (Arecaceae) (2011) Phytotaxa, 17, pp. 1-271Henderson, A., Galeano, G., Bernal, R., (1995) Field Guide to the Palms of The Americas, , Princeton University Press, PrincetonLorenzi, H., Souza, H.M., Medeiros-Costa, J.T., Cerqueira, L.S.C., Ferreira, E., (2004) Palmeiras Brasileiras E Exóticas Cultivadas, , Plantarum, Nova OdessaPiñero, D., Martinez-Ramos, M., Sarukhán, J., A population model of Astrocaryum mexicanum and a sensitivity analysis of its finite rate of increase (1984) Jornal of Ecology, 72, pp. 977-991Pires, A.S., (2006) Perda Da Diversidade De Palmeiras Em Fragmentos De Mata Atlântica: Padrões E Processos, , Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio ClaroPortela, R.C.Q., (2008) Dinâmica Populacional De Três Espécies De Palmeiras Em Uma Paisagem Fragmentada No Domínio Da Mata Atlântica, RJ, , Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CampinasPortela, R.C.Q., Pires, A.S., Santos, F.A.M., Unusual branching in the palm Euterpe edulis Mart (2009) Hoehnea, 36, pp. 501-506Reis, A., Kageyama, P., Reis, M.S., Fantini, A.C., Demografia de Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) em uma Floreta Ombrófila Densa Montana em Blumenau (SC) (1996) Sellowia, 47, pp. 3-33Scariot, A., (1996) The Effects of Rain Forest Fragmentation on the Palm Community in Central Amazonia, , Tese de doutorado, University of California, Santa BarbaraSampaio, M.B., Scariot, A., Effects of stochastic herbivory events on population maintenance of an understorey palm species (Geonoma schottiana) in riparian tropical forest (2010) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 26, pp. 151-161Silva-Matos, D.M., (1995) Population Ecology of Euterpe Edulis Mart. (Palmae), , Tese de doutorado, University of East Anglia, NorwichSouza, A.F., Martins, F.R., Silva-Matos, D.M., Detecting ontogenetic stages of the palm Attalea humilis in fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic forest (2000) Canadian Journal of Botany, 78, pp. 1227-1237Souza, A.F., Martins, F.R., Bernacci, L.C., Clonal growth and reproductive strategies of the understory tropical palm Geonoma brevispatha: An ontogenetic approach (2003) Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, pp. 101-112(2004) Standard Version, , SYSTAT, version 11. SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinoi

The Effect Of Management Systems And Ecosystem Types On Bark Regeneration In Himatanthus Drasticus (apocynaceae): Recommendations For Sustainable Harvesting

Bark and exudates are widely commercialized non-timber forest products. However, the ecological impacts of the harvesting of these products have seldom been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of tree resilience to harvesting intensity in Himatanthus drasticus, a tree that is highly exploited in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) for its medicinal latex. Although the traded product is the latex, the traditional harvesting systems involve the removal of the bark of the trees to allow exploitation. A 3-year experiment was conducted in two different Cerrado ecosystems (open savanna and savanna woodland). Trees were debarked at four debarking intensities to simulate the effects of traditional management systems. Measurements of bark growth were taken every 6 months, and quantitative and qualitative indexes of bark regeneration were obtained. The mortality of the debarked trees was low and could not be related to the intensity of harvesting. No signs of attack by fungi or insects were recorded. Compared with other species exploited for bark, H. drasticus is very resilient to harvesting; however, bark regeneration is relatively slow. In both analyzed ecosystems, the regeneration indexes showed higher values in the controls than in the treatments, indicating that 3 years is not sufficient for total recovery of the rhytidome. Bark regeneration occurred primarily by sheet growth and was more rapid in open savanna than in savanna woodland. No differences in the rate of bark recovery were found among management treatments. Based on the results, sustainable harvesting guidelines are suggested for the species. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.1861349359Baldauf, C., Santos, F.A.M., Ethnobotany, traditional knowledge, and diachronic changes in non-timber forest products management: The case study of Himatanthus drasticus (Apocynaceae) in the Brazilian Savanna (2013) Economic Botany, 67 (2), pp. 110-120Borges Filho, H.C., Felfili, J.M., Avaliação dos níveis de extrativismo da casca de barbatimão [Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville] no Distrito Federal, Brasil (2003) Revista Árvore, 27 (5), pp. 735-745. , 10.1590/S0100-67622003000500016Botha, J., Witkowski, E., Shackleton, C., The impact of commercial harvesting on Warburgia salutaris ('pepper-bark tree') in Mpumalanga, South Africa (2004) Biodiversity and Conservation, 13 (9), pp. 1675-1698. , 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000029333.72945.b0Cardoso, M.R.C., (2010) Desenvolvimento Rural e Sustentabilidade-o Caso da Mesorregião Chapada Do Araripe, , Universidade de Brasílila BrasíliaCatry, F.X., Moreira, F., Pausas, J.G., Fernandes, P.M., Rego, F., Cardillo, E., Cork oak vulnerability to fire: The role of bark harvesting, tree characteristics and abiotic factors (2012) PLoS ONE, 7 (6), p. 39810. , 10.1371/journal.pone.0039810 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpvVWrsb0%3DCavalcanti, A.C., Lopes, O.F., (1994) Condições Edafoclimáticas da Chapada Do Araripe e Viabilidade de Produção Sustentável de Culturas, , Brasília: EMBRAPA-SPIChungu, D., Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Roux, J., Malambo, F., Bark removal for medicinal use predisposes indigenous forest trees to wood degradation in Zambia (2007) Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal, 69 (3), pp. 157-163. , 10.2989/SHFJ.2007.69.3.4.354Clark, D.A., Clark, D.B., Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a neotropical rain forest (1992) Ecological Monographs, 62 (3), pp. 315-344. , 10.2307/2937114Cocks, M., López, C., Dold, T., Cultural importance of non-timber forest products: Opportunities they pose for bio-cultural diversity in dynamic societies (2011) Non-timber Forest Products, pp. 107-128. , S. Shackleton C. Shackleton Shanley (eds) Springer Berlin 10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9-5Cocks, M.L., Dold, A.P., Cultural significance of biodiversity: The role of medicinal plants in urban African cultural practices in the Eastern Cape, South Africa (2006) Journal of Ethnobiology, 26 (1), pp. 60-81. , 10.2993/0278-0771(2006)26[60:CSOBTR]2.0.CO;2Cunningham, A., (2001) Applied Ethnobotany. People and Plants Conservation Manual, , Earthscan Publications Ltd. LondonCunningham, A., Mbenkum, F., Sustainability of harvesting Prunus africana bark in Cameroon (1993) People and Plants Working Paper, 2, p. 28. , ParisDelvaux, C., (2009) "strip-trees": The Life After: Responses to Bark Harvesting of Medicinal Tree Species from Forêt Classée des Monts Kouffé, Benin, , University of GhentDelvaux, C., Sinsin, B., Darchambeau, F., Van Damme, P., Recovery from bark harvesting of 12 medicinal tree species in Benin, West Africa (2009) Journal of Applied Ecology, 46 (3), pp. 703-712. , 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01639.xDelvaux, C., Sinsin, B., Van Damme, P., Impact of season, stem diameter and intensity of debarking on survival and bark re-growth pattern of medicinal tree species, Benin, West Africa (2010) Biological Conservation, 143 (11), pp. 2664-2671. , 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.009Di Stasi, L.C., (1996) Plantas Medicinais: Arte e Ciência: Um Guia de Estudo Interdisciplinar: Ed, , UNESP-Univ Estadual PaulistaDiederichs, N., McKean, S., Wynberg, R.P., Conservation and trade regulations for medicinal plants (2006) Commercialising Medicinal Plants: A Southern African Guide, pp. 9-19. , N. Diederichs (eds) Sun Press StellenboshDujesiefken, D., Liese, W., Einfluß der Verletzungszeit auf die Wundheilung bei Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) (1990) Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff, 48 (3), pp. 95-99. , 10.1007/BF02619653Dytham, C., (2011) Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide, , Wiley-Blackwell OxfordEfferth, T., Greten, H.J., Medicinal and aromatic plant research in the 21st century (2012) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1, p. 110Fasola, T.R., Egunyomi, A., Nigerian usage of bark in phytomedicine (2005) Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 3, pp. 073-077Felfili, J., Junior, M.S., Distribuição dos diâmetros numa faixa de cerrado na fazenda Água Limpa em Brasília-DF (1988) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2 (1-2), pp. 85-104. , 10.1590/S0102-33061988000100005Fisher, J.B., Wound-healing by exposed secondary xylem in Adansonia (Bombacaceae) (1981) IAWA Bulletin, 2, pp. 193-199Freitas, A.V.L., Coelho, M.F.B., Maia, S.S.S., Azevedo, R.A.B., Plantas medicinais: Um estudo etnobotânico nos quintais do Sítio Cruz, São Miguel, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil (2012) Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 10 (1), p. 48Gaoue, O.G., Ticktin, T., Impacts of bark and foliage harvest on Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) reproductive performance in Benin (2007) Journal of Applied Ecology, 45 (1), pp. 34-40. , 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01381.xGeldenhuys, C.J., Mitchell, D., Sustainable harvesting technologies (2006) Commercializing Medicinal Plants: A Southern African Guide, pp. 23-39. , N. Diederichs (eds) Sun Press StellenboshGeldenhuys, C.J., Syampungani, S., Meke, G.S., Vermeulen, W.J., Response of different species to bark harvesting for traditional medicine in Southern Africa (2007) Multiple Use Management of Natural Forests and Woodlands: Policy Refinement and Scientific Progress, pp. 55-62. , J.J. Bester A.H.W. Seydack T. Vorster I.J. Van der Merwe S. Dzivhani (eds) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry PretoriaGuariguata, M.R., Gilbert, G.S., Interspecific variation in rates of trunk wound closure in a Panamanian lowland forest (1996) Biotropica, 28 (1), pp. 23-29. , 10.2307/2388768Guedje, N.M., Lejoly, J., Nkongmeneck, B.-A., Jonkers, W.B., Population dynamics of Garcinia lucida (Clusiaceae) in Cameroonian Atlantic forests (2003) Forest Ecology and Management, 177 (1), pp. 231-241. , 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00444-9Guedje, N.M., Zuidema, P.A., During, H., Foahom, B., Lejoly, J., Tree bark as a non-timber forest product: The effect of bark collection on population structure and dynamics of Garcinia lucida Vesque (2007) Forest Ecology and Management, 240 (1), pp. 1-12. , 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.029Hall, J.B., O'Brien, E.M., Sinclair, F.L., (2000) Prunus Africana: A Monograph, 18. , Bangor: University of Wales, School of Agricultural and Forest SciencesHaq, F., Ahmad, H., Alam, M., Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram), Pakistan (2011) Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, pp. 39-48Hare, R.C., Contribution of bark to fire resistance of southern trees (1965) Journal of Forestry, 63 (4), pp. 248-251Juan, D., Hong-Li, X., De-Qiang, Z., Xin-Qiang, H., Min-Jie, W., Ying-Zhang, L., Regeneration of the secondary vascular system in poplar as a novel system to investigate gene expression by a proteomic approach (2006) Proteomics, 6 (3), pp. 881-895. , 10.1002/pmic.200401348 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvFWku7w%3DKathe, W., Revision of the "guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants" by WHO, IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC (2006) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, pp. 109-120. , R. J. Bogers, L. E. Craker, & D. Lange (Eds.) SpringerKöppen, W., (1948) Climatologia: Con un Estudio de Los Climas de la Tierra, p. 479. , Fondo de Cultura EconômicaLaird, S.A., McLain, R.J., Wynberg, R.P., (2010) Wild Product Governance: Finding Policies That Work for Non-timber Forest Products, , Earthscan/James & James LondonLeaman, D.J., The global strategy for plant conservation-what can it mean for medicinal plants? (2004) Newsletter of the Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, 9-10Lucetti, D.L., Lucetti, E.C., Bandeira, M.A., Veras, H.N., Silva, A.H., Leal, L.K., Anti-inflammatory effects and possible mechanism of action of lupeol acetate isolated from Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel (2010) Journal of Inflammation, 7, p. 60Malviya, J., Joshi, V., Singh, K., Antimicrobial activity of some ethno-medicinal plants used by Baiga Tribes from Amarkantak, India (2012) Advances in Life Science and Technology, 4, pp. 19-26Mariot, A., (2008) Fundamentos Para O Manejo de Populações Naturais de Drimys Brasiliensis Miers-Winteraceae, , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina FlorianópolisAgrário, M.D., (2010) Plano Territorial de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável: Território Cidadania Do Cariri, p. 348. , MDA (eds) Instituto Agropolos do Ceará Fortaleza(2007) Áreas Prioritárias Para A Conservação, Uso Sustentável e Repartição de Benefícios da Biodiversidade Brasileira: Atualização-Portaria MMA N° 09, 23 de Janeiro de 2007. (Pp. 300), , MMA MMA/SBF BrasíliaMonteiro, J.M., Lins Neto, E.M., Araújo, E.L., Amorim, E.L., Albuquerque, U.P., Bark regeneration and tannin content in Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão after simulation of extractive damages-implications to management (2011) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 180 (1), pp. 31-39. , 10.1007/s10661-010-1770-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVeru74%3DMousinho, K.C., Oliveira, C.C., Ferreira, J.R.D.O., Carvalho, A.A., Magalhães, H.I.F., Bezerra, D.P., Antitumor effect of laticifer proteins of Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel-Apocynaceae (2011) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137 (1), pp. 421-426. , 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.073 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVOjs7%2FPNeely, D., Wound closure rates on trees (1988) Journal of Arboriculture, 14, pp. 250-254Oliveira, P.S., Marquis, R.J., (2002) The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of A Neotropical Savanna, , New York: Columbia Univ PressPandey, A.K., Mandal, A.K., Sustainable harvesting of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot (Arjuna) and Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson (Maida) bark in Central India (2012) Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 31 (3), pp. 294-309. , 10.1080/10549811.2011.583865Pandey, A.K., Yadav, S., Variation in gymnemic acid content and non-destructive harvesting of Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar) (2010) Pharmacognosy Research, 2 (5), p. 309Prance, G.T., Prance, A.E., (1993) Bark, , Timber Press PortlandPuritch, G.S., Mullick, D.B., Effect of water stress on the rate of non-suberized impervious tissue formation following wounding in Abies grandis (1975) Journal of Experimental Botany, 26 (6), pp. 903-910. , 10.1093/jxb/26.6.903(2012) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, , http://www.R-project.org, R Development Core Team R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AustriaRani, P., Khullar, N., Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi (2004) Phytotherapy Research, 18 (8), pp. 670-673. , 10.1002/ptr.1522Romero, C., (2006) Tree Responses to Stem Damage, , University of FloridaRomero, C., Bolker, B.M., Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: An experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon (2008) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38 (3), pp. 611-618. , 10.1139/X07-205Schippmann, U., Leaman, D., Cunningham, A.B., A comparison of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects (2006) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 17, pp. 75-95. , R. J. Bogers, L. E. C. L.E., & L. D. (Eds.) Dordrecht: SpringerSchoonenberg, T., Pinard, M., Woodward, S., Responses to mechanical wounding and fire in tree species characteristic of seasonally dry tropical forest of Bolivia (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33 (2), pp. 330-338. , 10.1139/x02-172Shanley, P., Luz, L., Eastern Amazonian medicinals: Marketing, use and implications of forest loss (2003) BioScience, 53 (6), pp. 573-584. , 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0573:TIOFDO]2.0.CO;2Shanley, P., Pierce, A.R., Laird, S.A., Guillén, A., (2002) Tapping the Green Market: Certification and Management of Non-timber Forest Products, , Earthscan/James & James LondonSilva, J.R.A., Rezende, C.M., Pinto, Â., Pinheiro, M.L., Cordeiro, M.C., Tamborini, E., Triterpenic esters from Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson (1998) Quimica Nova, 21 (6), pp. 702-704. , 10.1590/S0100-40421998000600005 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXns12gtrc%3DSousa, E.L.D., Grangeiro, A.R.S., Bastos, I.V.G.A., Rodrigues, G.C.R., Anjos, F.B.R.D., Souza, I.A.D., Antitumor activity of leaves of Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel-Apocynaceae (janaguba) in the treatment of Sarcoma 180 tumor (2010) Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46 (2), pp. 199-203. , 10.1590/S1984-82502010000200005Souza, W., Stinghen, A., Santos, C., Antimicrobial activity of alkaloidal fraction from barks of Himatanthus lancifolius (2004) Fitoterapia, 75 (7), pp. 750-753. , 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.09.012 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crptlyiuw%3D%3DSpina, A.P., (2004) Estudos Taxonômico, Micro-morfológico e Filogenético Do Gênero Himatanthus Willd. Ex Schult. (Apocynaceae: Rauvolfioideae- Plumerieae), , Universidade Estadual de CampinasStewart, K., Effects of bark harvest and other human activity on populations of the African cherry (Prunus africana) on Mount Oku, Cameroon (2009) Forest Ecology and Management, 258 (7), pp. 1121-1128. , 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.039Stobbe, H., Schmitt, U., Eckstein, D., Dujesiefken, D., Developmental stages and fine structure of surface callus formed after debarking of living lime trees (Tilia sp.) (2002) Annals of Botany, 89, pp. 773-782. , 10.1093/aob/mcf137 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zlvVyktg%3D%3DSuleman, S., Alemu, T., A survey on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants in Nekemte Town, East Wellega (Oromia), Ethiopia (2012) Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 18 (1), pp. 34-57. , 10.1080/10496475.2011.645188Sunderland, T.C.H., Tako, C.T., (1999) The Exploitation of Prunus Africana on the Island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea - A Report for the People and Plants Initiative, , IUCN/SSC (Ed.), Medicinal Plant Specialist Group. BonnTicktin, T., Shackleton, C., Harvesting non-timber forest products sustainably: Opportunities and challenges (2011) Non-timber Forest Products in the Global Context, pp. 149-169. , S. Shackleton C. Shackleton Shanley (eds) Springer Heidelberg 10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9-7Toledo, B., Galetto, L., Colantonio, S., Ethnobotanical knowledge in rural communities of Cordoba (Argentina): The importance of cultural and biogeographical factors (2009) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5 (1), p. 40. , 10.1186/1746-4269-5-40Uniyal, S.K., Bark removal and population structure of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in a temperate mixed conifer forest of western Himalaya (2013) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185 (4), pp. 2921-2928Vermeulen, W., Geldenhuys, C., (2004) Experimental Protocols and Lessons Learnt from Strip Harvesting of Bark for Medicinal Use in the Southern Cape Forests. FRP-DFID Project R8305 Report (Pp. 14), , Wild Resources Limited UK(1993) Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants, , WHO Geneva: World Health Organization(2001) General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine, , WHO Geneva: World Health Organization(2002) Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005, , WHO Geneva: World Health Organization(2003) WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Field Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants, , WHO Geneva: World Health OrganizationZardo, R.N., Henriques, R.P.B., Growth and fruit production of the tree Caryocar brasiliense in the Cerrado of central Brazil (2011) Agroforestry Systems, 82 (1), pp. 15-23. , 10.1007/s10457-011-9380-