Una nota sobre prosodia diacrónica (a propósito del proyecto AMPER en Castilla y León)

Siguiendo el principio de Labov de que el presente permite explicar el pasado, en este trabajo se ponen en su contexto sociohistórico los primeros cuatro puntos de encuesta del Proyecto AMPER en Castilla y León, y se interpretan los resultados obtenidos de las respectivas encuestas. Aunque por ahora no se haya llegado a resultados concluyentes, aparte de describir la fisonomía prosódica de cada una de las comunidades estudiadas, estamos en camino de probar una hipótesis formulada por María Josefa Canellada sobre la existencia de una base prosódica del Occidente peninsular que conformaría un sistema entonativo diferente del sistema castellano, que está en la base de la entonación estándar. Intentamos mostrar también cómo las modalidades de entonación actuales de los puntos de encuesta han podido ser resultado de distintos procesos históricos de koineización en que elementos de base prosódica castellana se mezclaron, en proporción variada, con otros de procedencia occidental.Following the principle of Labov that the present allows to explain the past, in this paper the first four survey places of the Project AMPER in Castile and León are put into their socio-historical context, and the results of the respective surveys are interpreted. Although conclusive results have not yet been reached so far, apart from describing the prosodic physiognomy of each of the communities studied, we are on the track to test a hypothesis formulated by María Josefa Canellada about the existence of a prosodic base in Western Iberian Peninsula making up an intonation system different from the Castilian one, which underpins the standard intonation in Spain. We also try to show how the current intonation patterns of the survey places might have been a result of various historical processes of koineization in which basic elements from a Castilian prosodic base mixed, in a varied proportion, with other ones from a Western provenance.Siguiendo el principio de Labov de que el presente permite explicar el pasado, en este trabajo se ponen en su contexto sociohistórico los primeros cuatro puntos de encuesta del Proyecto AMPER en Castilla y León, y se interpretan los resultados obtenidos de las respectivas encuestas. Aunque por ahora no se haya llegado a resultados concluyentes, aparte de describir la fisonomía prosódica de cada una de las comunidades estudiadas, estamos en camino de probar una hipótesis formulada por María Josefa Canellada sobre la existencia de una base prosódica del Occidente peninsular que conformaría un sistema entonativo diferente del sistema castellano, que está en la base de la entonación estándar. Intentamos mostrar también cómo las modalidades de entonación actuales de los puntos de encuesta han podido ser resultado de distintos procesos históricos de koineización en que elementos de base prosódica castellana se mezclaron, en proporción variada, con otros de procedencia occidental

An Early Controversy about the Polycentrism of Spanish Language (1929-1931): The Case of the Latin American Film Industry

En esta investigación se aborda el estudio histórico de las actitudes lingüísticas subyacentes en la polémica que se originó en los comienzos del cine sonoro (1929-1931) sobre la pronunciación de las películas habladas en lengua española. Hasta el momento, este tema ha sido estudiado por historiadores del cine, pero no se ha tratado en profundidad desde una perspectiva lingüística, por lo que es propósito de este trabajo efectuar una contribución de carácter interdisciplinar que permita entender el significado y la repercusión de esta temprana discusión en el proceso del reconocimiento de la pronunciación americana de la lengua española que se llevó a cabo en Madrid en abril de 1956.This research deals with the historical study of the linguistic attitudes underlying the controversy that originated in the beginning of sound films (1929-1931) about the pronunciation of spoken films in Spanish. Until now, this topic has been studied by film historians, but it has not been treated in depth from a linguistic perspective, so the purpose of this work is to make an interdisciplinary contribution that allows us to understand the meaning and repercussion of this early controversy in the process of recognition of the Latin American pronunciation of the Spanish language held in Madrid in April 195

Variación geoprosódica en dos entonaciones de Castilla y León: análisis de frases declarativas e interrogativas sin expansión

En este trabajo presentamos los primeros resultados del análisis acústico correspondientes a una parte del corpus experimental obtenido de las grabaciones de lectura de frases de una informante vallisoletana y otra salmantina. Las principales diferencias se dan en la entonación interrogativa. La interrogativa vallisoletana alcanza menos altura en el tonema que la correspondiente salmantina, especialmente en el caso de las llanas y, sobre todo, de las esdrújulas, donde el ascenso tonal supera el valor de una octava. En cuanto al pretonema, parece, por el contrario, que el pico tonal se eleva más en la interrogativa vallisoletana. En las declarativas hallamos diferencias claras en el tonema, que presenta un mayor descenso en la entonación vallisoletana (sobre todo, en agudas y esdrújulas). En cuanto a los valores prosódicos de duración e intensidad, hemos observado diferencias en la modalidad interrogativa, donde la informante salmantina alarga más las vocales y registra un ligero aumento de la intensidad.In this paper we offer the first results of the acoustic analysis corresponding to a part of an experimental corpus obtained from the records of sentence reading by two female informants (from the cities of Valladolid and Salamanca, respectively). The main differences can be found in the interrogative intonation. The interrogative sentence of Valladolid is lesser high in the nucleus than the interrogative sentence of Salamanca, especially in the case of the words stressed in the penultimate and, mainly, in the antepenultimate syllables, where the pitch rising is higher than an octave. As regards the prenucleus, it seems, on the other hand, that the peak raises more in the interrogative sentence of Valladolid. In the declarative sentences, clear differences can be found in the nucleus, which shows a bigger falling in the intonation of Valladolid (mainly, in words stressed in both the last and the antepenultimate syllables). As for prosodic values of duration and energy, we have observed differences in the interrogative modality, where the Salamanca informant lengthens vowels and registers a light increase of energy.En este trabajo presentamos los primeros resultados del análisis acústico correspondientes a una parte del corpus experimental obtenido de las grabaciones de lectura de frases de una informante vallisoletana y otra salmantina. Las principales diferencias se dan en la entonación interrogativa. La interrogativa vallisoletana alcanza menos altura en el tonema que la correspondiente salmantina, especialmente en el caso de las llanas y, sobre todo, de las esdrújulas, donde el ascenso tonal supera el valor de una octava. En cuanto al pretonema, parece, por el contrario, que el pico tonal se eleva más en la interrogativa vallisoletana. En las declarativas hallamos diferencias claras en el tonema, que presenta un mayor descenso en la entonación vallisoletana (sobre todo, en agudas y esdrújulas). En cuanto a los valores prosódicos de duración e intensidad, hemos observado diferencias en la modalidad interrogativa, donde la informante salmantina alarga más las vocales y registra un ligero aumento de la intensidad

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV : mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median z ~ 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between z ~ 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially-resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median redshift of z = 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between redshifts z = 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGN and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5-meter Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5-meter du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in July 2016

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July