Status of sennosides content in various Indian herbal formulations: Method standardization by HPTLC

Several poly-herbal formulations containing senna (Cassia angustifolia) leaves are available in the Indian market for the treatment of constipation. The purgative effect of senna is due to the presence of two unique hydroxy anthracene glycosides sennosides A and B. A HPTLC method for the quantitative analysis of sennosides A and B present in the formulation has been developed. Methanol extract of the formulations was analyzed on a silica gel 60 GF254 HPTLCplates with spot visualization under UV and scanning at 350 nm in absorption/ reflection mode. Calibration curves were found to be linear in the range 200-1000 μg. The correlation coefficients were found to be 0.991 for sennoside A and 0.997 for sennoside B. The average recovery rate was 95% for sennoside A and 97% for sennoside B showing the reliability and reproducibility of the method. Limit of detection and quantification were determined as 0.05 and 0.25 μg/g respectively. The validity of the method with respect to analysis was confirmed by comparing the UV spectra of the herbal formulations with that of the standard within the same Rf window. The analysis revealed a significant variation in sennosides content

Persistence and Dissipation of Propineb-A Dithiocarbamate Fungicide in Potato under East-Indian Climatic Conditions

ABSTRACT A two season study (Season-I: October, 2005 January, 2006 and Season-II: October, 2006 January, 2007 on the persistence of propineb (Propineb 70% WP) was undertaken with potatoes at two different locations having two different types of soil: new alluvial and old alluvial, respectively. Two dosage rates were applied: 2.5 and 5.0 kg ai ha -1 twice with a 15-day interval. More than 94% of the initial residues of propineb in the potato tubers dissipated within 15 days after application irrespective of dose, season and location. The residue was detectable up to 20 days after the last application of the fungicide. Assuming first order kinetics, the half-life values varied from 2.59 to 3.48 days. A safe waiting period of 10 days is recommended for potatoes

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Dissipation Kinetics of Benthiocarb in Water at Different pH levels under Laboratory Condition

ABSTRACT: Laboratory degradation studies were performed in water at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using Benthiocarb (Saturn 50 EC) formulation at the rates of 1.0 (T 1 ) and 2.0 (T 2 ) µg/mL. Water samples collected on 0 (2h), 3,7,15,30,45,60 and 90 days after treatments were processed for residue analysis of benthiocarb by GC-NPD capillary system. In 60 days, dissipation was 92.82-93.81 % at pH 4.0, 89.12-90.63 % at pH 7.0, and 92.67-93.88 % at pH 9.2 in both treatments showing very little effect of pH on dissipation. The half-life periods observed were 15.13 and 16.01 days at pH 4.0, 17.92 and 18.81 days at pH 7.0 and 11.32 and 12.54 days at pH 9.2 at T 1 and T 2 doses respectively. Dissipation followed a triphasic first order kinetics in water at all the three pH levels

Persistence of benthiocarb in soil: influence of ultraviolet and sunlight

<div align="justify">Persistence of benthiocarb in soil as affected by UV and sunlight exposure was studied. Treated soil was placed in petri plate, brought to field capacity moisture and then exposed to UV and sunlight. Residues of benthiocarb in soil dissipated with half lives of 2.10, 11.85 and 43.63 days under UV, sunlight and dark condition, respectively. Soil samples kept under dark showed the slowest dissipation. Further, benthiocarb residues dissipated quickly under UV light as compared to sunlight. Exposure of thin film of benthiocarb confirmed that it is photo labile and dissipated very fast with half life of 1.16 and 1.77 days following exposure to UV and sunlight, respectively. The study revealed that UV component of sunlight is an important factor for benthiocarb dissipation.</div

Dissipation Kinetics of Benthiocarb in Water at Different pH levels under Laboratory Condition

Laboratory degradation studies were performed in water at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using Benthiocarb (Saturn 50 EC) formulation at the rates of 1.0 (T1) and 2.0 (T2) μg/mL. Water samples collected on 0 (2h),3,7,15,30,45,60 and 90 days after treatments were processed for residue analysis of benthiocarb by GC-NPD capillary system. In 60 days, dissipation was 92.82-93.81 % at pH 4.0, 89.12-90.63 % at pH 7.0, and 92.67-93.88 % at pH9.2 in both treatments showing verylittle effectof pH on dissipation. The half-life periods observed were 15.13 and 16.01 days at pH 4.0, 17.92 and 18.81 days at pH 7.0 and 11.32 and 12.54 days at pH 9.2 at T1 and T2 doses respectively. Dissipation followed a triphasic first order kinetics in water at all the three pH levels

Interaction of a di-nitro aniline herbicide (Trifluralin) with soil vegetation system under sub-tropic condition: A dissipation kinetics study

A field study was carried out to investigate persistence and dissipation kinetics of Trifluralin (48 EC) applied pre emergently in Green gram (Variety T-44) @ 1 Kg ai ha-1 (T1) and 2 Kg ai ha-1 (T2) for the control of broad leaf weeds during kharif 2006. The dissipation on 90 days was around 71.56 - 64.55% in T1 and T2. Kinetics studies revealed that dissipation of Trifluralin residues followed first order kinetics. The half life values observed were 60.21 days in T1 and 75.56 days in T2. Irrespective of any dose no residues were detected in cropped soil as well as plant samples at harvest.</p