Extraction of Apple Pomace from Juice Production Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Apple pomace, a by-product of apple juice and cider production, is a sustainable raw material from which valuable products such as nutritional supplements and pectin can be obtained. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant compounds that have been linked to several health benefits. Both traditional and new technologies can be used to extract valuable components from apple pomace, with an emphasis on new and environmentally friendly methods. One such technique is the use of supercritical CO2 extraction. This method is considered environmentally friendly, and it can be used to extract valuable compounds such as antioxidants and pectin from apple pomace. This article examines the extraction parameters of apple pomace and analyses the valuable substances in the extract samples. Apple pomace is a promising source of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and other compounds with a vast range of food applications

Extraction of Quince Pomace from Wine Production Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

The food processing industry generates a large amount of residues, which can be a sustainable and rich source of bioactive compounds. Extracting these compounds using traditional methods can be expensive and use large amounts of toxic and hazardous organic solvents. Supercritical CO2 extraction is an environmentally friendly method for extracting bioactive compounds from industrial residues such as quince pomace. This method uses supercritical CO2, which is the state of CO2 when it reaches critical temperature and pressure, to extract compounds from the sample matrix. This method is considered 'green' because it does not use toxic or hazardous organic solvents and does not cause pollution. Quince pomace is a by-product of the winemaking process and can be used to produce new products that can be incorporated into nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Therefore, the authors investigated the extraction of quince pomace using the supercritical CO2 method and analyzed the obtained samples. Overall, quince peel can be upcycled into fiber-rich and bioactive ingredients to endow the value chain with natural food fortifiers, preservatives, and health promoters

Use of Single-cell Oils in the Production of Bio-based Epoxy: An Overview of the Most Suitable Microorganisms and Oil Properties

Epoxy resins are widely used polymers that are mainly synthesized from fossil feedstocks. In order to reduce the use of fossil-derived epoxies, various solutions are widely studied, such as replacing conventional raw materials with more environmentally friendly, non-toxic solutions, such as vegetable oil. One of the less studied but potentially highly competitive feedstock for the synthesis of bio-based epoxies is single-cell oils (SCO). Single-cell oils have a number of advantages over vegetable oils, such as the fatty acid profiles of SCO are more suitable for the polymerization of epoxides, the production of SCOs is faster and more environmentally friendly. Thanks to the wide range of SCO-producing microorganisms, it is possible to find the exact SCO that is suitable for the specific application of the produced epoxy. Despite the potential advantages, SCO derived from microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi and bacteria, have received very limited coverage in the scientific literature. Therefore, this review summarizes the available information on single-cell oils and evaluates their suitability for use as feedstock in epoxide synthesis. The following aspects are reviewed in this paper: microorganism strains that can be used in the production of SCO; fermentation rates and SCO yields; applicable low-cost raw materials used for the cultivation of microorganisms; the fatty acid profile of the relevant SCO and other factors that are significant for suitability evaluation of the relevant SCO. To the best of authors knowledge this is the first review paper to summarize potential SCOs for their application in synthesis of bio-based epoxides and first paper to give an overview of fungal and bacterial oils for such application

Experimental Evaluation of Carrier Materials: A New Wood Ash Filter Material Comparison with Others Used for Ex-Situ Biomethanation

Biomethanation is a prospective method to integrate a renewable solar or wind power grid with a biogas grid, where excess energy can be used to produce hydrogen for the biomethanation of the biogas and produce biomethane. The use of biotrickling filter reactors with appropriate carrier materials for biomethanation is essential for the immobilisation of hydrogenotrophic methanogens on the surface of the packing material. Wood ash filter material use end-of-the-line waste ash as the main raw material for the production of filters. The wood ash filter material is a robust porous material that has good properties in the context of biomethanation. Testing packing materials in constantly operating biotrickling filter reactors would cost too much time and money. The purpose of this study is to compare a novel wood ash filter material with materials that are often applied in the sector. The study uses an effective methodology to test three alternative packing materials for use in a biotrickling filter. The manometric method and BMP test is used to determine the rate of CH4 production. The physical parameters such as bulk-specific surface area (m2 × m–3), external porosity (% vol), and bulk density (kg × m–3), and chemical composition of the novel wood ash filter material are compared to other filter materials commonly used in biomethanation applications. The results of the experiment determine whether the novel wood ash filter material or other tested materials can compete with and even replace some of the materials currently used in biomethanation applications

Sustaining a Mars Colony through Integration of Single-cell Protein and Oil Production in Food Supply Chains

As humanity sets its sights on establishing a sustainable and prosperous colony on Mars, one of the key challenges to overcome is ensuring a reliable and nutritious food supply for settlers. While various solutions for food production on Mars have been proposed, there is a growing interest in the use of microorganisms as a means of producing essential nutrients. This review article highlights the advantages of utilizing single-cell protein and single-cell oil technologies to produce essential amino acids and fatty acids for the food supply chains of a Mars colony. We provide an analysis of the potential benefits, challenges and limitations of these solutions and outline the necessary steps to be taken in order to successfully integrate them into the infrastructure of a Martian settlement

Accelerating Microorganism Strain Selection for Enhanced Productivity: A Review of Microdroplet Technology Solutions for Screening Mutant and GMO Strains

This article reviews state-of-the-art microdroplet technological solutions for screening microorganisms mutant and GMO strains. Microorganisms used in the production of various products – single-cell protein, single-cell oil, enzymes, pigments and other bioactive compounds – can always be improved and their properties enhanced to increase the production of products of interest, to simplify microbial cultivation process, improve efficiency or adapted strains to use cheaper raw materials such as agroindustrial by-products. Microorganisms can be improved using either classical mutagenesis techniques or genetic engineering methods. Regardless of the selected method for mutant or GMO creation, during the process most promising microorganism strains must be selected, which is usually a slow and labour-intensive process. The use of microdroplets is a promising technological solution to speed up strain selection. This review looks at the latest developments in microdroplet technology, compares their variations, and identifies future prospects

Strategies for the Microbial Carotenoids Production Competitiveness Improvement

The research and development of carotenoids production have a long history, and interest in this group of pigments has not decreased to this day. Among all existing carotenoids, six are considered industrially important: astaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and lycopene. These carotenoids have a wide range of application and are used as additives in food and beverage, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to their bioactive and colour properties. An undisputed leader in the global pigment market is chemically synthesized carotenoids. To a lesser extent, carotenoids derived from natural sources as plants and microorganisms. Currently, the market of natural carotenoids is mainly represented by microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Botryococcus braunii, fungus Blakeslea trispora, yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacteria Paracoccus carotinifaciens. These microorganisms afford the production of astaxanthin, βcarotene, canthaxanthin, and lycopene. In turn, lutein is obtained by extracting marigold flowers Tagetes eracta L. and there is no other competitive source yet. Therefore, the potential of microorganisms to synthesize and accumulate lutein and other equally important carotenoids in their cells has been actively studied. Several yeast and bacteria species from Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, Sphingomonas, Gordonia, and Sphingobacterium genus have a potential to replenish the diversity of sources of industrially important natural pigments, but available technologies still need improving. This paper reviews strategies for increasing of competitiveness of fungal and bacterial carotenoids production. Strategies such as selection of carotenogenic strain, use of low-cost substrates, simultaneous production of carotenoids and other value-added compounds, and optimization of fermentation medium and conditions are considered

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality : methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Background While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Peer reviewe