Ecological and socio-cultural factors influencing in situ conservation of crop diversity by traditional Andean households in Peru

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Peruvian Andean region is a main center of plant domestication of the world. There, several tuber species were domesticated and the area lodges one of the most important reservoirs of their varieties and wild relatives. It is also the setting of traditional cultures using and conserving them. However, crop genetic erosion has been reported in the region since several decades ago; therefore, understanding factors influencing both loss and maintenance of crop variation is relevant to design conservation policies. Previous researches have examined factors influencing agrobiodiversity conservation in the region but additional case studies are recognized to be still necessary for a deeper understanding of causes of genetic erosion and for policy design to prevent and remedy it. Our study focused on analyzing (1) variation in richness of traditional varieties of tubers cultivated among households, (2) changes in varieties richness occurred in four consecutive agricultural cycles, and (3) ecological, social, and cultural factors influencing loss and conservation of varieties.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Richness of farmer varieties of tuber species cultivated by 28 peasant households was monitored in communities of Cajamarca and Huánuco, Peru during four consecutive agricultural cycles (from 2001 to 2005). In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 of the households with higher reputation as conservationists, in order to document farmers' perception of tubers qualities in ecological, social, economic, technological and culinary aspects and how these influence their decisions of conservation priorities. Traditional varieties were identified according to their local names, which were then confronted among farmers and with scientific catalogues in order to identify synonyms. Based on the information documented, indexes of ecological and socio-cultural factors affecting agricultural practices were designed, and their linear correlations and multivariate relations with varieties richness managed per household were analyzed in order to explore factors with higher influence on conservation of crop variation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 1483 and 507 farmer varieties of tuber species were found in the whole sample and period studied in Huánuco and Cajamarca, respectively. Significantly more varieties managed per household per year were recorded in Huánuco (146.39 ± 12.02) than in Cajamarca (44.55 ± 9.26), and marked differences in number of varieties per year were documented among households within each region (78.25 to 246.50 in Huánuco, 7.50 to 144.00 in Cajamarca). Correlation and multivariate analyses identified that the extent of agricultural area managed by households, cultural identity, practicing of traditional agricultural techniques, and level of self-sufficiency, are meaningful factors influencing higher varieties richness maintained by households. Yield and culinary attributes were considered by people as main features for selecting and deciding which varieties are priorities for conservation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Maintenance and promotion of indigenous Andean culture is crucial for ensuring conservation of both traditional agroecological systems and agrobiodiversity. Policies supporting Andean culture (through educational, cultural and economic programs) are therefore directly connected with conservation of traditional farmer varieties. Promotion of seed availability and interchange are effective actions for maintaining and developing diversity, but using and valuing native tubers at regional, national and international levels are fundamental motivations to enhance policies and processes in this direction.</p

Producción de anticuerpos en Oryctolagus cuniculus inmunizados con cultivos rizobianos nativos y cepas patrón

Especimenes de Oryctolagus cuniculus fueron inmunizados con cultivos rizobianos nativos  Bradyrhizobium sp, RC-455-02 y Rhizobium sp. Rf 167-01 Rf 167-02, así como con Cepas rizobianos patrón: Bradyrhizobium sp CIAT 71, Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 y CIAT 632, con la finalidad de producir anticuerpos específicos y comparar los títulos. Las cepas fueron sembradas en medio Agar Levadura Manitol (LMA); los antígenos rizobianos fueron preparados a la concentración de 1,2 x 109   bact/mL, La inmunización de los conejo se hizo con una mezcla de una emulsión de dos mL de antígeno con dos mL de adyuvante completo de Freund, por vía intramuscular y a las dos y cuatro semanas se inoculó el antígeno con adyuvante incompleto de Freund. Se encontró que la mayoría de sueros inmune presentaba un título de anticuerpo de 1280 contra las diferentes  cepas rizobianas empleadas.Palabras clave: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,  Oryctolagus cuniculus, anticuerpos

Incorporación de bacterias ácido lácticas nativas como probióticos en el cultivo de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) en la camaronera “Las Ánimas”, El Salvador

The research was carried out in the Las Ánimas shrimp farm located in Canton Ánimas Abajo, Zacatecoluca, La Paz, El Salvador, from August 2016 to September 2017. The fundamental objective was the search for alternatives that generate a reduction of costs in the production of shrimp, as well as the improvement of environmental conditions in the study area in an efficient manner. It was carried out in two phases, the first laboratory phase, began with the collection of shrimp samples from four ponds of said farm, with the purpose of isolating native strains of Lactobacillus, obtaining 40 strains, of these four were selected, performing tests of probiotic feasibility, achieving at the end two strains that fulfilled all the requirements as probiotics, being these the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei (E91) and Lactococcus lactis (E33). The second was a field phase, where the probiotic was evaluated based on native lactic acid bacteria isolated against a commercial probiotic EPICIN® G2. Four treatments were configured, of which two contained the native bacteria plus the EPICIN® PST bioremediator and two with the commercial probiotic plus the EPICIN® PST, the results of the treatments formed by lactic acid bacteria plus EPICIN® PST presented a lower deterioration of water parameters, Although the waters were classified as poor according to the ICA (Water Quality Index), the native probiotics showed little variability between their constants, this data was concordant with the analysis of the Trophic Status Index (TRIX for its acronym in English), that the waters of the estuary according to this index are classified as Hypertrophic. In the productive parameters the treatments with lactic acid bacteria generated greater efficiency, since the survival for the treatments T3 and T4 is of 47.56% and 45.68%, surpassing the control treatments T1 and T2 with 44.57% and 38.97%, as well as In the survival of the ponds with native bacteria, there was greater efficiency in terms of production yield, since the T3 and T4 showed a yield of 6,806.36 kg and 5,414.55 kg, while T1 and T2 recorded a yield of 5,544.09 kg and 5,387.27 kg. At the same time, a cost benefit analysis was carried out which showed that when using the lactic acid bacteria as probiotics, a reduction in operating costs is produced, since the T3 and T4 produce an outflow of $62,614.63 and$ 55,481.78 against the outflows of the T1 and T2 which was $94,105.33 and$ 74,456.95; indicating that for T3 and T4 a return of $1.39 was made and$ 1.25 for each dollar invested, while the T1 and T2 were made a rebound of $1.10 and$ 1.15 for each dollar invested. Therefore, it is concluded that Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from the digestive tract of farmed shrimps are among the list of bacteria that can be used as probiotics in shrimp culture in ponds and this methodology is recommended to improve the production of shrimp farms in harmony with the environmentLa investigación se realizó en la camaronera “Las Ánimas”, ubicada en cantón Ánimas Abajo, Zacatecoluca, La Paz, El Salvador, durante agosto 2016 a septiembre 2017. El objetivo principal fue la búsqueda de alternativas que generen una reducción de costos en la producción de camarón, así como el mejoramiento de las condiciones del medio ambiente en la zona del estudio de manera eficiente. Se realizó en dos fases, la primera consistió en trabajo de laboratorio, comenzó con la recolección de muestras de camarones de cuatro estanques de dicha granja, con el propósito de aislar cepas nativas de Lactobacillus. se obtuvieron 40 cepas, de las que se seleccionaron cuatro para realizarles, pruebas de factibilidad probiótica, al final dos cepas que cumplieron todos los requisitos como probióticos, estas son las bacterias ácido lácticas Lactobacillus paracasei (E91) y Lactococcus lactis (E33). La segunda fase implicó trabajo de campo, donde se evaluó el probioótico a base de las bacterias acido lácticas nativas aisladas contra un probioótico comercial EPICIN® G2. Se configuraron cuatro tratamientos de los cuales dos contenían las bacterias nativas más el biorremediador EPICIN® PST y dos con el probioótico comercial más el EPICIN® PST. Los resultados de los tratamientos conformados por bacterias ácido lácticas más EPICIN® PST, presentaron un menor deterioro de los parámetros del agua. Aunque las aguas se clasificaron como pobres, según el ICA (Índice de Calidad del Agua), los probióticos nativos presentaron poca variabilidad entre sus constantes; este dato fue concordante con el análisis del Índice de Estado Trófico (TRIX por sus siglas en ingles), que clasifica las aguas del estero como Hipertróficas. En los parámetros productivos los tratamientos con bacterias ácido lácticas generaron mayor eficiencia, ya que la sobrevivencia para los tratamientos T3 y T4 fue de 47.56% y 45.68%, superando a los tratamientos control T1 y T2 con 44.57% y 38.97%, al igual que en la sobrevivencia de los estanques con bacterias nativas, se tuvo mayor eficiencia en cuanto al rendimiento en la producción, ya que los T3 y T4 presentaron un rendimiento de 6,806.36 kg y 5,414.55 kg, mientras que T1 y T2 registraron un rendimiento de 5,544.09 kg y 5,387.27 kg. Al mismo tiempo se realizó un análisis de beneficio-costo el cual demostró que utilizar bacterias ácido lácticas como probióticos, se produce una reducción en costos operativos, ya que los T3 y T4 producen un egreso de USD$62,614.63 y USD$55,481.78 contra los egresos de los T1 y T2 que fueron de USD$94,105.33 y USD$74,456.95; indicando que para los T3 y T4 se realizó un retorno de USD$1.39 y USD$1.25 por cada dólar invertido, mientras que los T1 y T2 dejaron un retorno de USD$1.10 y USD$1.15 por cada dólar invertido. Con lo anterior, se concluye que Lactococcus lactis y Lactobacillus paracasei aisladas del tubo digestivo de los camarones cultivados en la granja, están dentro de la lista de bacterias que se pueden utilizar como probióticos en el cultivo de camarones en estanques y se recomienda la presente metodología para mejorar la producción de granjas camaroneras en armonía con el medio ambient

Comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad por COVID-19 en adultos en Lima, Perú: un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva

Objetivos. Evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 19 de diferentes grupos de edad en hospitales de Lima y Callao. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio de cohorte retrospectiva analizamos datos de pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud de Perú de marzo a octubre del 2020. Se estimaron riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad por grupos de edad: jóvenes (18-29 años), adultos (30-59 años) y mayores (≥60 años). Resultados. Se incluyeron 2366 jóvenes, 23781 adultos y 25356 adultos mayores en el análisis. Los adultos mayores presentaron la mortalidad más alta (63,7%) en comparación con adultos (27,1%) y jóvenes (8,5%). Independientemente del grupo de edad, la presencia de enfermedad neurológica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer se asoció a un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Adicionalmente, la enfermedad cardiovascular es también un factor de riesgo en los jóvenes; la obesidad, la diabetes, la enfermedad cardiovascular, la enfermedad pulmonar crónica y la inmunodeficiencia en los adultos; y la obesidad y la enfermedad pulmonar crónica en los mayores. Conclusiones: Independientemente de los grupos de edad, los individuos con enfermedad neurológica crónica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer tendrían un alto riesgo de morir por la COVID-19

Clinical standards for drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: These clinical standards aim to provide guidance for diagnosis, treatment, and management of drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.METHODS: Fifty-two global experts in paediatric TB participated in a Delphi consensus process. After eight rounds of revisions, 51/52 (98%) participants endorsed the final document.RESULTS: Eight standards were identified: Standard 1, Age and developmental stage are critical considerations in the assessment and management of TB; Standard 2, Children and adolescents with symptoms and signs of TB disease should undergo prompt evaluation, and diagnosis and treatment initiation should not depend on microbiological confirmation; Standard 3, Treatment initiation is particularly urgent in children and adolescents with presumptive TB meningitis and disseminated (miliary) TB; Standard 4, Children and adolescents should be treated with an appropriate weight-based regimen; Standard 5, Treating TB infection (TBI) is important to prevent disease; Standard 6, Children and adolescents should receive home-based/community-based treatment support whenever possible; Standard 7, Children, adolescents, and their families should be provided age-appropriate support to optimise engagement in care and clinical outcomes; and Standard 8, Case reporting and contact tracing should be conducted for each child and adolescent.CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards, which should be adapted to local contexts, will improve the care of children and adolescents affected by TB

Clinical standards for drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: These clinical standards aim to provide guidance for diagnosis, treatment, and management of drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents. METHODS: Fifty-two global experts in paediatric TB participated in a Delphi consensus process. After eight rounds of revisions, 51/52 (98%) participants endorsed the final document. RESULTS: Eight standards were identified: Standard 1, Age and developmental stage are critical considerations in the assessment and management of TB; Standard 2, Children and adolescents with symptoms and signs of TB disease should undergo prompt evaluation, and diagnosis and treatment initiation should not depend on microbiological confirmation; Standard 3, Treatment initiation is particularly urgent in children and adolescents with presumptive TB meningitis and disseminated (miliary) TB; Standard 4, Children and adolescents should be treated with an appropriate weight-based regimen; Standard 5, Treating TB infection (TBI) is important to prevent disease; Standard 6, Children and adolescents should receive home-based/community-based treatment support whenever possible; Standard 7, Children, adolescents, and their families should be provided age-appropriate support to optimise engagement in care and clinical outcomes; and Standard 8, Case reporting and contact tracing should be conducted for each child and adolescent. CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards, which should be adapted to local contexts, will improve the care of children and adolescents affected by TB.National Institutes of HealthRevisión por pare

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe