Organisms isolated from endotracheal aspirate and their sensitivity pattern in patients suspected of ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Ventilator associated pneumonia in critically ill patients are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Patients who are mechanically ventilated are at high risk of acquiring respiratory infections due to complex interplay between the endotracheal tube, host immunity and virulence of invading bacteria. To start empiric antimicrobial therapy knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance patterns are essential. Objectives of our study was to study antimicrobial sensitivity among organisms isolated from endotracheal aspirates of patients with VAP.Methods: This is a prospective observational study, done in 100 patients who were mechanically ventilated for various reasons in ICU of our hospital over a period of one year. Clinical parameters, investigation, microbiological profile and sensitive characteristics of endotracheal aspirate was recorded and analyzed.Results: Endotracheal aspirate culture and sensitivity was done in 100 patients.70 samples showed significant growth. Acinetobacter were isolated in 30 samples, Pseudomonas in 24, Klebsiella in 8, Enterobacter in 1, Citrobacter in 1 and Staphylococcus in 6 samples. Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were highly sensitive to colistin and polymyxin B, intermittently sensitive to meropenem and showed resistance to most of commonly used antibiotics.Conclusions: The commonest organism isolated endo-tracheal aspirate cultures were Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas which was highly sensitive to colistin and polymyxin B. A local antibiogram for each hospital, based on bacteriological patterns and susceptibilities is essential not only to initiate empiric therapy but also to prevent poor outcomes and help in framing the appropriate institutional antibiotic policy

Development of a water-based cooling system for the Muon Chamber detector system of the CBM experiment

A water-based cooling system is being investigated to meet the cooling requirement of the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) based Muon Chamber (MuCh) detector system of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at GSI, Germany. The system is based on circulating cold water through the channels inside an aluminium plate. The aluminium plate is attached to a GEM chamber. A feasibility study is conducted on one small and two real-size prototype cooling plates. A microcontroller based unit has been built and integrated into the system to achieve automatic control and monitoring of temperature on plate surface. The real-size prototypes have been used in a test beam experiment at the CERN SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) with the lead beam on a lead target. A setup using three prototype modules has been prepared in the lab for testing in a simulated real life environment. This paper discusses the working principle, mechanical design, fabrication, and test results of the cooling prototypes in detail.Comment: 8 pages, 12 figures, 2 table

INVESTIGATION ON CYLINDRICAL GATE ALL AROUND (GAA) TO NANOWIRE MOSFET FOR CIRCUIT APPLICATION

Undoped cylindrical gate all around (GAA) MOSFET is a radical invention and a potential candidate to replace conventional MOSFET, as it introduces new direction for transistor scaling. In this work, the sensitivity of process parameters like channel length (Lg), channel thickness (tSi), and gate work function (φM) on various performance metrics of an undoped cylindrical GAA to nanowire MOSFET are systematically analyzed. The electrical characteristics such as on current (Ion), subthreshold leakage current (Ioff), threshold voltage (Vth) and similarly analog/RF performances like transconductance (gm), total gate capacitance (Cgg), and cut-off frequency (fT) are evaluated and studied with the variation of device design parameters. The discussion give direction towards low standby operating power (LSTP) devices as improvement in Ioff is approaching 90% in nanowire MOSFET. All the device performances of undoped GAA MOSFET are investigated through Sentaurus device simulator from Synopsis Inc

Jet modification in absence of QGP-medium: the role of multiparton interactions and color reconnection

Recent studies of high-multiplicity events in small collision systems (proton-proton and proton-lead) have drawn research interest towards the possibility of the formation of partonic medium in such systems. One of the important consequences of the formation of dense partonic medium is quenching of high-momentum final-state particles resulting in several experimental observations such as suppression in nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm AA}$, modification of jet shape observable $\rho(r)$, etc. In this work, we study $\rho(r)$ for inclusive charged-particle jets in proton-proton (pp) collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV using PYTHIA 8 Monash 2013 Monte Carlo simulation and show that the color reconnection (CR) and multiparton interaction (MPI) mechanisms in PYTHIA 8 can also lead to a significant amount of modification of $\rho(r)$ in high-multiplicity events compared to minimum bias events for 10 $<p_{\rm T,\,jet}^{\rm ch}<$ 20 GeV/$c$. The enhanced gluonic contribution in high-multiplicity events is also found to play a role in the observed modification of $\rho(r)$. We notice a direct connection between the number of MPIs and the amount of modification in $\rho(r)$ - the larger the number of MPIs, the larger the amount of modification of $\rho(r)$.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe