Tax Evasion, Tax Policies and the Role Played by Financial Markets.

In a dynamic general equilibrium model with credit constraints and heterogeneous firms I show that both tax policies and domestic financial market development (FD) can lead to lower informality. Tax policies are more effective in reducing informality since they directly increase the cost of informal production but they have limits, trade-offs and costly general equilibrium effects. FD lowers formal borrowing costs which increases the marginal benefit of hiring in the formal sector. Wage rate increases driving down informal production. Formal output, employment, tax revenue and welfare all increase with FD and counter or offset the negative effects of tax policies

Tax Evasion, Tax Policies and the Role Played by Financial Markets.

In a dynamic general equilibrium model with credit constraints and heterogeneous firms I show that both tax policies and domestic financial market development (FD) can lead to lower informality. Tax policies are more effective in reducing informality since they directly increase the cost of informal production but they have limits, trade-offs and costly general equilibrium effects. FD lowers formal borrowing costs which increases the marginal benefit of hiring in the formal sector. Wage rate increases driving down informal production. Formal output, employment, tax revenue and welfare all increase with FD and counter or offset the negative effects of tax policies

Technology During Pandemics: Ecological Momentary Assessment as an Assessment Tool for Real Time Monitoring

Background: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a term coined in 1994 by Stone and Schiffman, is a modality by which participants can record their symptoms, triggers and thoughts in real time. This data is recorded electronically through the use of smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches as subjects live their daily lives. EMA can be thought of as an electronic diary by which a subject can respond to alerts by entering their observations several times throughout the day. These assessments involve different discrete methodologies such as interpersonal interaction diaries, ambulatory physiological monitoring, and collection of medication compliance data. EMA was developed to counteract the recall bias and inter-evaluator discrepancies that can occur during regularly scheduled outpatient appointments. Methods: A literature review was done using EMA as the search criteria. Results: Davidson et al discussed the use of EMA in suicidality through the use of paper journals, personal digital assistants and cellphones. The paper outlined two sampling schemes; event-based sampling which asks participants to respond to questions each time they experienced a behavior and time-based sampling which asks for responses at a set period of time. Bell et al, 2017 reviewed the application of EMA in treatment of psychotic disorders and reviewed current literature. Schueller et al, 2017 analyzed the use of EMA for depression and anxiety providing mechanisms, study designs and therapeutic measures that can be incorporated for design of an EMA for depression and anxiety. Smith et al 2019 reviewed EMA in the assessment of eating disorders (ED) by looking at realms of type, frequency and temporal sequencing of ED symptoms in natural environment. The use of EMA for child and adolescent patients using mobile based utilization was researched by Heron et al., 2017. Using these modalities children and adolescents may have improved reporting of pain, treatment adherence, sleep and disease symptoms. Raugh et al 2019 studied EMA for psychophysiological assessments. EMA was used for monitoring of EKG, Blood pressure, EEG, electroculography, electromyography and other variables. Conclusions: There are multiple advantages and disadvantages to EMA. Advantages include participants avoiding recall bias and providing real time assessments. Treatment is not dependent on respondent’s bias and immediate interventions can be enacted. EMA also allows a remote alert to providers and can be used for research. Disadvantages of EMA include it being dependent on equipment, technology and network connectivity. There is a risk of attrition as well as possible redundancy. There is a need for detailed study modeling. EMA requires motivation on the part of the participant to respond and participate regularly. Additionally, encryption is necessary to safeguard such sensitive data. More research is required investigating the benefits of this method

Informality and Bank Stability

While financial development (FD) has been widely studied in the literature as a determinant of informal sector size, there has been no focus on the role of financial stability. We find that the stability of the banking sector has a significant and robust negative effect on informality across countries. Using a recently available testing methodology based on a heteroskedasticity-robust Lasso we also find strong support for Rule of Law as a key determinant of informal sector size, and some evidence for the effect of FD

Requirement for a Uroplakin 3a-like protein in the development of zebrafish pronephric tubule epithelial cell function, morphogenesis, and polarity

Uroplakin (UP)3a is critical for urinary tract development and function; however, its role in these processes is unknown. We examined the function of the UP3a-like protein Upk3l, which was expressed at the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells that line the pronephric tubules (PTs) of the zebrafish pronephros. Embryos treated with upk3l-targeted morpholinos showed decreased pronephros function, which was attributed to defects in PT epithelial cell morphogenesis and polarization including: loss of an apical brush border and associated phospho-ERM proteins, apical redistribution of the basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase, and altered or diminished expression of the apical polarity complex proteins Prkcz (atypical protein kinase C zeta) and Pard3 (Par3). Upk3l missing its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain or containing mutations in conserved tyrosine or proline residues did not rescue, or only partially rescued the effects of Upk3l depletion. Our studies indicate that Upk3l promotes epithelial polarization and morphogenesis, likely by forming or stimulating interactions with cytoplasmic signaling or polarity proteins, and that defects in this process may underlie the pathology observed in UP3a knockout mice or patients with renal abnormalities that result from altered UP3a expression. © 2012 Mitra et al

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.