Economic Valuation of Pasirpanjang Ecotourism in Lembeh Island

Ecotourism is viewed as an economic incentive for the communities living near the protected areas, as well as a tool to enhance their participation to preserve an ecosystem. Pasirpanjang Ecotourism Area in Lembeh Island has been developed since some part of its’ waters were promoted as a Coastal and Small Island Conservation Area of Bitung City in 2014. The aims of this study are to estimate the economic value of Pasirpanjang Ecotourism Area using Zonal Travel Cost Method and resulting a policy recommendation to develop Pasirpanjang Ecotourism. This study was conducted in Pasirpanjang village, Sub-district of South Lembeh on May 2018. The result showed the total economic value of Pasirpanjang Ecotourism is Rp. 1,610,786,697 per annum. The result also indicated the importance of ecotourism concept to be considered by government in managing mangrove ecosystems. The potential value of the area of Pasirpanjang Ecotourism could be considered as a long term economic asset and for the sustainability of the conservation as well.Key Words: Economic Value, Pasirpanjang Ecotourism Area, Economic Incentive, Zonal Travel Cost MethodABSTRAKEkowisata dipandang sebagai insentif ekonomi bagi masyarakat yang berada di sekitar area perlindungan, serta menjadi alat untuk meningkatkan partisipasi mereka dalam upaya pelestarian suatu ekosistem. Ekowisata Pasirpanjang di Pulau Lembeh telah dikembangkan sejak wilayah perairan di sekitarnya dicadangkan sebagai Kawasan Konservasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil Kota Bitung pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menaksir nilai ekonomi dari Ekowisata Pasirpanjang menggunakan Metode Biaya Perjalanan Zonasi (Zonal Travel Cost Method) dan menghasilkan rekomendasi kebijakan untuk pengembangan kawasan Ekowisata Pasirpanjang. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kelurahan Pasirpanjang di bagian selatan Pulau Lembeh pada bulan Mei 2018. Berdasarkan estimasi nilai ekonomi dari Ekowisata Pasirpanjang adalah sebesar Rp. 1.610.786.697 per tahun. Estimasi nilai tersebut menunjukan pentingnya konsep ekowisata sebagai pertimbangan oleh pemerintah dalam mengelola ekosistem mangrove. Potensi nilai Ekowisata tersebut juga dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai aset ekonomi jangka panjang dan keberlanjutan pelestarian. Kata kunci: Nilai ekonomi, Kawasan Ekowisata Pasirpanjang, Insentif ekonomi, Zonal Travel Cost Metho

Study on the Biological Characteristics of Pegagan Duck

Sari et al. 2012. Study on the Biological Characteristics of Pegagan Duck. JLSO 1(2):170-176. Pegagan duck is one of the local genetic  and biodiversity resources in South Sumatera which needs to be conserved and developed. So far, scientific data of Pegagan duck as a biodiversity resource were relatively limited compared to other local ducks. The aim of this experiment was to investigate and identify egg variability of Pegagan duck. This experiment started by collecting 500 Pegagan’s egg from three districts, namely Tanjung Raja, Inderalaya and Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir Regency, Sumatera Selatan. Collected eggs were cleaned with lysol 2.5% prior to putting into the hatching machine. During hatching process, the eggs were rolled up and down from the 3th d until the 25th d. Egg candling was done three times: day 5, day 13 and day 25. The results showed that initial weight of parent (G0) male and female Pegagan duck was 36.87 g and 36.73 g, respectively. Meanwhile,  F1 generation was 36.90 g for male and 37.09 g for female. The growth pattern between male and female duck was relatively the same. Growth curve which showed the relationship between body weight and age of duck formed a sigmoid curve. The growth differences between male and female duck occured at the 5th week. Body weight of male duck was  higher than female duck. The highest body weight found at the  inflexion point for both male and female duck for parent (G0) was at the 4th week and for F1 was at the 5th week.  At the first laying, the body weight of Pegagan duck for parent (G0) reached 1541.17±132.19 g, whereas for F1 reached 1605.34±167.19 g. Parent (G0) and F1 of Pegagan duck layed at the average age of 153 and 154 d, wherein 30% layed at the age of < 151 d and 60% at the age of 151-170 d.These results were expectedly become database and guidance for the conservation and sustainable development of pegagan duck

MODIFICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SHELLS OF JENGKOL WITH TiO2 FOR PHOTODEGRADATION OF RHODAMINE B

Modifying activated carbon from jengkol shells with TiO2 to degrade Rhodamine by UV irradiation has been done. Modification of KA-TiO2 photocatalyst using the impregnation method. The photodegradation test of dyes was carried out with several parameters such as the variation of KA-TiO2 catalyst weight and contact time. Photocatalyst characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while for dye concentration using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Difractogram XRD shows that the activated carbon material after modification with TiO2 metal is characterized by the emergence of typical TiO2 peaks. The results showed that the highest percentage of Rhodamine B degraded by KA-TiO2 was 94.11% with a contact time of 120 minutes and a catalyst weight of 1.5 grams.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  &nbsp

Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.</p

Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.</p

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI TANDAN KOSONG PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca L.) DENGAN BANTUAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK

Syntheses of activated carbon from empty bunches of kepok banana (MusaParadisiaca L) (TKP) with ultrasonic waves have been done. The of activated carbon were made via three step, namely carbonization at 350 °C, silica extraction with NaOH, activation with H3PO4 and ultrasonic waves exposure (exposure time 30, 60, and 90 minutes). The best quality activated carbons (according to SNI 06-3730-95) were obtained from the process with ultrasonic wave exposure for 90 minute for activated carbon TKP. Respecting the best quality activated carbon TKP has 4.22 % water content, 3.67 % ash content, 17.52 % volatile matter, 74.59 % carbon content and 840.14 mg/g absorption capacity of lodium. The of activated carbon was analyzer characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the pore of activated carbon was more perfectly formed and regular. Analyzer of surface area with Braunanear Elmmelt and Teller (BET) method showed surface area without exposure at TKP that is 35 m2/g with exposure of TKP that is 94 m2/g. Exposure ultrasonic&nbsp; waves increased surface area and facilitated the formation of more pores with ordered form than the non- exposure one. &nbsp; Keywords: Empty bunches banana, carbon, activated H3PO4, and ultrasonic wav

Towards more sustainable online consumption: The impact of default and informational nudging on consumers’ choice of delivery mode

The increasing CO2 emissions from e-commerce deliveries present a pressing environmental concern. If half of all consumers decided to have their online order delivered to a pick-up point instead of at home, this could vastly reduce CO2 emissions of e-commerce. This study investigated (a) whether nudging could help consumers shift towards pick-up point delivery as a more sustainable choice, and (b) which type of nudging would be most effective. An RCT was conducted with a representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 1213). In an online store setting, participants selected a product and completed the check-out process – selecting between more and less sustainable delivery options. Their selection had real consequences as the gift would be delivered with the selected delivery method. Four different nudging conditions were contrasted: a default nudge, in which the most sustainable option (i.e., delivery to pick-up point) was selected automatically, and three decision-information nudges, in which CO2 emissions for the delivery options was displayed. The decision-information nudges varied in complexity, from high complexity (emissions in grams of CO2 for each delivery option) to medium (percentage of CO2 reduction for the most sustainable option) and low complexity (a green leaf next to the most sustainable option). Relative to control, the default nudge was the most effective at steering participants towards the most sustainable delivery choice, followed by the medium- and low-informational nudging conditions. In addition, instead of steering them towards the most sustainable delivery option, the high-informational nudge appeared to steer participants away from the two most polluting delivery options – thereby potentially saving more greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) than the other conditions. In sum, this study provides substantial evidence for the use of behavioral strategies in quest towards more sustainable online consumption