Diversity and role of insects on vegetation around sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) plants in Tanjung Miring Village, Muara Enim Regency

Arenga pinnata (sugar palm) was a crop of high ecological, economic, and social in South Sumatra, particularly in Muara Enim Regency. Despite its importance, limited scientific information regarding the diversity and ecological functions of insect communities associated with this species. This study aimed to identify and classify insect taxa specifically decomposers, phytophagous, pollinators, and natural enemies found in and around sugar palm stands in Tanjung Miring Village. Field observations were conducted using purposive sampling, and insect specimens were collected through four established methods: yellow sticky traps, pitfall traps, sweep nets, and manual hand collection. A total of 850 insect individuals were recorded, with the greatest abundance observed on trees possessing trunk diameters between 31‒40 cm. Hymenoptera was the most frequently encountered order, with Monomorium minimum identified as the most dominant species. Among the collection methods, yellow sticky traps yielded the highest number of individuals. Biodiversity analysis revealed a Shannon-Wiener index (H′) of 2.47, indicating moderate diversity. The evenness index (E) was 0.73, suggesting relatively low species distribution uniformity, while the dominance index (D) was 0.13, implying the absence of a single dominant species within the community. Statistical analysis using NCSS software demonstrated a significant effect of trap type on insect abundance, but no significant differences were found based on insect order, tree diameter, or observation period. These findings underscore the ecological importance of insect diversity in sugar palm ecosystems, as various functional groups such as pollinators, herbivores, and decomposers play vital roles in supporting the growth, productivity, and sustainability

Liquid organic fertilizer concentration of pineapple peel on the growth and production of black potato, Plectranthus rotundifolius (poir.) Spreng

The research aimed to determine the effect of applying liquid organic fertilizer from pineapple peel on the growth of black potato, Plectranthus rotudifolius (poir) Spreng. In this research the method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with six treatment levels, each treatment repeated four times across four blocks, resulting in 24 experimental units. In this study, six treatments were applied, consisting of various concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer from pineapple peel P0 = no treatment, P1= 10%, P2= 15%, P3= 20%, P4= 25% and P5= 30. The research used manure and NPK fertilizer as basic fertilizer in soil planting media. The results showed that the application of pineapple peel had a significant effect on the growth parameters of black potatoes, especially on root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and tuber volume, treatment P4 (25%) produced the highest shoot fresh weight, average 535.75 g, while P2 the lowest average was 332.25 g, the highest fresh root weight was 18.25 g, while the lowest P1 was 10.75 g and tuber volume had a significant effect on treatment P2 (15%) producing the highest volume namely 4.89 g, while the lowest was 4.10 g. The application of 15% pineapple peel liquid organic fertilizer significantly increased crown fresh weight, root fresh weight, and tuber volume of black potato, while having no significant effect on other growth parameters

Total suspended solid distribution mapping using sentinel-2A imagery in Ketapang Waters, South Lampung

The distribution of total suspended solids (TSS) in coastal waters significantly affects water turbidity and light penetration, which affects aquatic ecosystems. The research aimed to compare the accuracy of algorithms using Sentinel-2A imagery to map the distribution of TSS in Ketapang Waters, South Lampung. Polynomial regression analysis and validation tests using R² and RMSE were performed to assess accuracy. The results showed that the Laili algorithm performed better, achieving an R² value of 0.9723 and a lower RMSE of 0.639, with TSS concentrations ranging from 17.26 to 22.90 mg/L. The derived third-order polynomial regression model y = -0.0228x³ + 1.3401x² - 25.16x + 170.08 effectively predicted TSS concentrations. Spatial distribution analysis showed higher TSS levels near the coastline, likely due to sediment input from human activities and natural hydrodynamic processes, which gradually decreased towards the offshore area. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Laili algorithm for remote sensing-based water quality monitoring in dynamic coastal environments. Future research should include seasonal variations and explore the integration of multiple algorithms to improve the accuracy of TSS estimation and better understand temporal fluctuations in coastal sediment dynamics

Integration of geographical information systems in the land suitability assessment for rice crops in Sleman District, Indonesia

Peatlands (according to the Governmental Regulation nr 71/2014) can be utilized for agriculture and plantation if the peat depths are less than 3 m or more than 3 m, peatlands have to be conserved or restored. Determining peat depths can be conducted in the fields by intensive surveys which were so expensive, inefficient, and ineffective, therefore it was essential to find our simple alternative methods how to measure peat depths easily. The research aimed to establish a spatially reliable interpolator for peat depth variability by utilizing the kriging method. The research was conducted in Seponjen Village, Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi, Jambi Indonesia. Primary data were processed by applying ArcGIS 10.3 software. The interpolated dataset of peat depths validated their actual dataset and performed an excellent relationship (indicated by a positive correlation coefficient, r = 0.920) and a coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.847). It indicated that the interpolated dataset could be utilized to make maps by kriging. The very deep peat (Site A) and the deep peat (Site B) showed a tendency for a strong autocorrelation of the data distribution of peat depths. Autocorrelation tended to be anisotropic towards the river on the shallow peat (Site C). A good interpolator of peat depth variability can be generated using the kriging method

Conservation strategy based on soil erodibility with several land covers and slopes in the upstream of Air Bengkulu Watershed

Global land cover changes driven by increasing demand for agricultural, residential, and industrial land have caused various environmental issues, including soil erosion. The study aimed to analyze soil erodibility values upstream of the Air Bengkulu watershed based on land cover and slope factors. The analysis was conducted using soil samples obtained through purposive sampling based on soil map units, topography, and land cover. Soil erodibility values were determined through laboratory analysis of organic matter, texture, structure, and soil permeability, followed by calculating erodibility. After obtaining the distribution of erodibility values, the next step involves identifying erodibility values based on slope and land cover to analyze the interaction between slope and land cover on erodibility values. Conservation recommendations are provided based on slope, land cover and consideration of community aspects to reduce erodibility values and minimize erosion risk. Results indicate that soil erodibility in the Air Bengkulu watershed ranges from very low to very high, with most areas classified as low. The findings suggest that soil erodibility values vary depending on land cover and slope. Higher erodibility values were observed in areas with minimal land cover, especially in mining and cultivated land with poor management practices. In contrast, dense vegetation such as forests and well-maintained plantations significantly reduced soil erodibility values. The interaction between slope and land cover plays a crucial role in determining soil susceptibility to erosion risk. Vegetative and mechanical conservation strategies are suggested to mitigate erosion risks, improve land productivity, and support ecosystem sustainability in the region

Suboptimal Land Analysis of Agricultural Fishery Resources (Chitosan-Liquid Smoke Cocos nucifera) as Natural Food Preservatives

One of the suboptimal land resources is shrimp and coconut. Increasing productivity on suboptimal land is essential by utilizing typical land. A concern arises with the use of waste as a preservative. The necessity to replace preservatives made from chemical raw materials with natural alternatives is evident. The research aimed to determine and optimize the antioxidant properties of chitosan combined with liquid smoke from coconut shells (Cocos nucifera) as a natural food preservative. The study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments repeated three times. The treatments consisted of different concentrations. The results indicated that varying concentrations of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke combined with sterilized glucose and chitosan had a significant effect on antioxidant analysis and the Maillard reaction. Higher concentrations of liquid smoke resulted in increased browning, likely due to the Maillard reaction occurring when glucose and chitosan were mixed with liquid smoke and then sterilized using an autoclave. This condition was expected to be favorable as it involves a reaction between free amino acids in chitosan and reducing sugar compounds from glucose. Additionally, aldehyde ketone compounds are found in Cocos nucifera coconut shell liquid smoke. Finally, the optimal concentration for antioxidant activity was treatment A2 (total concentration of 1% chitosan + 1% glucose + 3% coconut shell liquid smoke) with an IC50 value of 6.69% and a brown absorbance of 0.45%

Suboptimal Land Analysis of Agricultural Fishery Resources (Chitosan-Liquid Smoke Cocos nucifera) as Natural Food Preservatives

One of the suboptimal land resources is shrimp and coconut. Increasing productivity on suboptimal land is essential by utilizing typical land. A concern arises with the use of waste as a preservative. The necessity to replace preservatives made from chemical raw materials with natural alternatives is evident. The research aimed to determine and optimize the antioxidant properties of chitosan combined with liquid smoke from coconut shells (Cocos nucifera) as a natural food preservative. The study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments repeated three times. The treatments consisted of different concentrations. The results indicated that varying concentrations of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke combined with sterilized glucose and chitosan had a significant effect on antioxidant analysis and the Maillard reaction. Higher concentrations of liquid smoke resulted in increased browning, likely due to the Maillard reaction occurring when glucose and chitosan were mixed with liquid smoke and then sterilized using an autoclave. This condition was expected to be favorable as it involves a reaction between free amino acids in chitosan and reducing sugar compounds from glucose. Additionally, aldehyde ketone compounds are found in Cocos nucifera coconut shell liquid smoke. Finally, the optimal concentration for antioxidant activity was treatment A2 (total concentration of 1% chitosan + 1% glucose + 3% coconut shell liquid smoke) with an IC50 value of 6.69% and a brown absorbance of 0.45%

Cadmium in the roots and leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) at PTPN 7 Pagar Alam unit, South Sumatra, Indonesia

The excessive and intensive application of chemical fertilizers can increase the concentration of heavy metals in the soil. This study aimed to determine Cd deposition in tea roots and leaves using the Detailed Survey method, with sampling points determined using the stratified sampling method, which involves dividing the samples into several age ranges for the plants. The average concentration of Cd in the roots was 0.015 ± 0.004 mg/kg, while in the tea leaves it was 0.010 ± 0.003 mg/kg. The absorption of Cd in tea plant leaves shows the lowest average absorption rate in samples aged 15–25 years, particularly in plants that were 1 year old after production pruning, at 0.005 mg per plant. However, its content remains well below the maximum threshold of cadmium in tea, which was set at 1.0 mg/kg. The age of the plants does not substantially affect the accumulation of Cd in tea leaves; however, tea pruning does affect the accumulation of Cd in the leaves. The research findings indicate that the concentration of Cd in the roots and leaves of tea plants was very low, far below the established Cd threshold, influenced by regular pruning, which results in minimal Cd absorption in the tea leaves. Leaves were considered safe for consumption by humans and animals. Data on the levels of Cd in tea roots and leaves are still rarely found, so it was recommended to further investigate Cd in tea roots and leaves

The growth and yield of Capsicum annuum L. variety Gada F1 on NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer

Red chili was one of the most strategic vegetable commodities because the market demand was high every day. Efforts to increase chili productivity were needed so that chili prices were stable and market demand was met. The research aimed to determine the growth and yield of the red chili Gada F1 variety against NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer. This research uses the Randomized Block Design (RBD) method, consisting of 4 treatment levels and 3 replications. P0 = control, P1 = NPK fertilizer 2.5 g/polybag, P2 = NPK fertilizer 5 g/polybag, and P3 = NPK fertilizer 7.5 g/polybag. The application of NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer to the growing medium significantly influenced several growth and yield parameters, including the number of leaves, crown diameter, leaf greenness, fruit weight, number of fruits, fruit length, and fruit diameter. In contrast, it had no statistically significant effect on plant height, flowering time, number of branches, root fresh weight, crown fresh weight, root dry weight, or crown dry weight. Among the treatments, the application rate of 7.5 g/polybag (P3) yielded the most favorable results across the majority of measured parameters. Accordingly, an NPK 16:16:16 dosage of 7.5 g/polybag was recommended for the cultivation of the red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) variety Gada F1

Growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown on different planting media volumes in a floating cultivation system

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the vegetables that is widely loved because of its taste and nutritional content. The increase in lettuce production can be increased by the use of swamp land with floating cultivation during the flood season. The size of the pots used in floating system cultivation will affect the growth and number of plants that will be produced. The study aimed to determine the optimal of planting media volume on the growth and yield of lettuce in floating cultivation system. The research used a randomized block design with 4 treatments of planting media volume, namely 1.9 L (P1), 2.7 L (P2), 3.6 L(P3), and 5 L (P4). Each treatment was repeated 4 times and each replication consisted of 5 plants. The results showed that at the beginning of the growth of the media volume of 2.7 L would be faster, but at the time of harvest almost all parameters showed that plants with a media volume of 5 L produced a larger plant weight than the plant unit. Although the use of smaller volumes of media results in a smaller plant weight, the raft is able to accommodate a larger number of pots. So that the use of a media volume of 1.9 L will be better used for floating lettuce production