Percepções e comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde face à mulher na adaptação à maternidade em contexto migratório : contributos para a promoção da saúde da mulher migrante

Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação em Saúde apresentada à Universidade AbertaRESUMO: Num mundo em contínua mudança e no enquadramento de uma sociedade portuguesa cada vez mais multicultural, coloca-se aos profissionais de saúde o desafio de prestarem cuidados interculturais congruentes à mulher, durante a sua adaptação à maternidade, em contexto migratório. A percepção e os comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde perante esta situação, tendo em vista a promoção da saúde da mulher migrante constitui a temática do estudo, com os objectivos de compreender a importância que os profissionais de saúde atribuem aos contextos social e cultural da mulher, quando cuidam no âmbito da adaptação à maternidade, conhecer quais as competências e conhecimentos culturais dos mesmos, relativos à maternidade em situação de migração e identificar os principais factores que influenciam os profissionais de saúde, enquanto educadores para a saúde na adaptação da mulher à maternidade, durante as suas intervenções junto da mãe, oriunda de um contexto cultural diferente do seu. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo, orientado por uma metodologia qualitativa, tendo sido escolhida a entrevista semi-estruturada como instrumento de colheita de dados e a análise de conteúdo, como técnica de análise das respostas dos profissionais de saúde entrevistados (médicos e enfermeiros), a exercerem funções em contexto de Cuidados de Saúde Primários, na Sub-Região de Saúde de Santarém. A maternidade, entendida como um processo iniciado e reorganizado ao longo da gravidez, que se consolida progressivamente, com os cuidados e interacções que a mãe estabelece com a criança e com o desempenho dos diferentes papéis socialmente prescritos e assumidos pela mulher, torna-se numa experiência particular e complexa para cada mulher, constatando-se a valorização que os profissionais de saúde dão às diferentes dimensões influenciadoras dos processos de gravidez e da maternidade, numa lógica de evolução e transformação da sociedade contemporânea. Num discurso orientado para o exercício da maternidade, deram a conhecer como percepcionam as vivências da maternidade da mulher da nossa sociedade contemporânea, realçando os saberes adquiridos e as tradições culturais, especialmente através das práticas cuidativas realizadas às crianças, transmitidas de geração em geração e realizadas no seio familiar. A maternidade como acontecimento predominantemente social e cultural, implica a valorização destas duas dimensões para que a mulher assegure e se adapte adequadamente ao papel materno. Nesta lógica, os profissionais de saúde, identificam e procuram entender os diversos comportamentos culturais de saúde e maternos, nas mulheres de diferentes culturas e nacionalidades, no sentido de se “aproximarem” e compreenderem as vivências e as necessidades de saúde manifestadas pelas mulheres migrantes, para o desempenho da maternidade, experienciado noutro país. Sobressai, nos seus discursos, a valorização e o reconhecimento que fazem do processo migratório, com a consciencialização das dificuldades socioeconómicas e linguísticas a que as mulheres migrantes estão sujeitas durante a gravidez e os primeiros tempos da maternidade no nosso país, influenciando, entre outros aspectos, a afluência das mesmas às consultas de vigilância pré-natal e de revisão do puerpério. O confronto com as novas exigências multiculturais, na assistência de saúde da mulher em contexto migratório, leva a que com frequência, se opte por uma imposição da cultura do profissional de saúde, pela dificuldade em se chegar à aceitação e integração das práticas e costumes culturais da mulher migrante, nos cuidados interculturais realizados durante a vigilância de saúde pré-natal, pós-parto e maternidade, especialmente quando esses mesmos costumes e práticas se distanciam dos do profissional de saúde. Apesar do reconhecimento de que este comportamento se traduz numa relação cultural e terapêutica inadequada para a satisfação das necessidades de saúde e promoção da saúde da mulher migrante, emergem a insegurança, a ambivalência e as necessidades formativas do profissional de saúde para a comunicação e competência intercultural, quando cuida da mulher migrante durante a adaptação à maternidade, em particular nos seus primeiros tempos de imigração.ABSTRACT: In a world of continuous change and inside the framework of Portuguese society that becomes increasingly multicultural, the health care professionals are challenged to provide intercultural care to women, during their adaptation to motherhood in the context of migration. The perception and behavior of health professionals in this particular situation, in order to promote the health of migrant women, is the theme of this study. The main objectives are (1) to understand the importance that health professionals attach to social and cultural contexts of women, when caring within the adjustment to motherhood; (2) getting to know what skills and cultural knowledge the women possesses, relating to pregnancy in situations of migration and (3) identifying the main factors influencing the health professionals as health educators in the process of women’s adaptation to maternity, during their contacts with the mother who comes from a cultural context other than their own. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, guided by a qualitative research method. We used semi-structured interviews - as a tool for data collection, and analysis of content - as the technique of analyzing the responses of health professionals interviewed (doctors and nurses), who exercise their functions in the context of primary health care in Sub-Region of Health of Santarém. Motherhood, understood as a process initiated and reorganized during the pregnancy, consolidates gradually, with care and interactions which mother begins with child and the performance of different roles socially associated to each women, becomes a particular and complex experience for each woman, comprehending a value that health professionals give to the different dimensions influencing the processes of pregnancy and motherhood, following the logic of evolution and transformation of contemporary society. In a dialogue geared to the pursuit of motherhood, came forward the perception of the experience of motherhood for women in our contemporary society, enhancing the knowledge acquired and the cultural traditions, especially through the care practice provided for children, passed from generation to generation and created within family. Motherhood as predominantly social and cultural event, imply the importance of these two dimensions to ensure that women follow and adapt appropriately to the maternal role. Following this logic, health professionals identify and seek to understand the different cultural behaviors and maternal health of women coming from different cultures and nationalities, in a way to become “closer” and to understand the experiences and needs of health expressed by migrant women for the performance of maternity experienced in other countries. Subsequently in their speeches, they stress the importance of appreciation and recognition of the migration process, with the awareness of the socioeconomic and linguistic difficulties that migrant women face during pregnancy and early motherhood in our country, affecting, among other things, the influx of these women at monitoring prenatal consultations, and review of the puerperium. The confrontation with the new multicultural requirements in health care of women in the migration context often leads to impose the culture of health professional, the difficulty in achieving acceptance and integration of cultural practices and customs of migrant women in intercultural care during the health monitoring of pre-natal, postpartum and maternity, especially when those customs and practices are distant to the health care professional. Despite the recognition that this particular behavior explains a cultural and therapeutic relation inadequate to meet the needs of health, and health promotion for migrant women, emerges uncertainty, the ambivalence and the training needs of the health professional in communication and intercultural competence while caring for migrant women's adaptation to motherhood, particularly in her early days of immigration

Crystallization and Characterization of an Inflammatory Lectin Purified from the Seeds of Dioclea wilsonii

DwL, a lectin extracted from the seeds of Dioclea wilsonii, is a metalloprotein with strong agglutinating activity against rabbit and ABO erythrocytes, inhibited by glucose and mannose. DwL was purified by affinity chromatography on a Sephadex G-50 column and ion exchange chromatography on a HiTrap SP XL column. SDS-PAGE revealed three electrophoretic bands corresponding to the α (25,634 ± 2 Da), β (12,873 ± 2 Da) and γ (12,779 ± 2 Da) chains. Protein sequencing was done by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The primary sequence featured 237 amino acids and was highly homologous to other reported Diocleinae lectins. A complete X-ray dataset was collected at 2.0 Å for X-Man-complexed DWL crystals produced by the vapor diffusion method. The crystals were orthorhombic and belonged to the space group I222, with the unit-cell parameters a = 59.6, b = 67.9 and c = 109.0 Å. DWL differed in potency from other ConA-like lectins and was found to induce neutrophil migration in rats, making it particularly useful in structural/functional studies of this class of proteins

Sickle cell disease: A distinction of two most frequent genotypes (HbSS and HbSC).

Sickle cell disease (SCD) consists of a group of hemoglobinopathies in which individuals present highly variable clinical manifestations. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the most severe form, while SC hemoglobinopathy (HbSC) is thought to be milder. Thus, we investigated the clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters by comparing each SCD genotype. We designed a cross-sectional study including 126 SCA individuals and 55 HbSC individuals in steady-state. Hematological, biochemical and inflammatory characterization was performed as well as investigation of previous history of clinical events. SCA patients exhibited most prominent anemia, hemolysis, leukocytosis and inflammation, whereas HbSC patients had increased lipid determinations. The main cause of hospitalization was pain crises on both genotypes. Vaso-occlusive events and pain crises were associated with hematological, inflammatory and anemia biomarkers on both groups. Cluster analysis reveals hematological, inflammatory, hemolytic, endothelial dysfunction and anemia biomarkers in HbSC disease as well as SCA. The results found herein corroborate with previous studies suggesting that SCA and HbSC, although may be similar from the genetic point of view, exhibit different clinical manifestations and laboratory alterations which are useful to monitor the clinical course of each genotype

Níveis de farinha de peixe em rações para juvenis de tilápia Levels of fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

Avaliou-se a influência do uso na ração de farinha de peixe suplementada com aminoácidos sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a análise hematológica de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo. Utilizaram-se 140 juvenis com peso médio de 14,0 ± 0,14 g, distribuídos aleatoriamente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de farinha de peixe (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%) na ração, cada um com quatro repetições. As rações foram isoenergéticas (3.000 kcal de energia digestível) e isocálcicas, e os peixes foram alimentados três vezes ao dia, até saciedade aparente, durante 60 dias. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar aparente, a taxa de eficiência protéica, o índice hepatossomático, o peso da carcaça, o rendimento de carcaça, a retenção de nitrogênio e as taxas de hematócrito e hemoglobina. Os níveis de farinha de peixe não influenciaram o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração, o índice hepatossomático, o rendimento de carcaça, o peso da carcaça e a taxa de hemoglobina, mas tiveram efeito quadrático sobre a retenção de nitrogênio, o teor de umidade e de gordura na carcaça e a taxa de hematócrito. Quanto maiores os níveis de farinha de peixe, menor a taxa de eficiência proteica e mais altos os teores de proteína e cinzas na carcaça. O nível de 3% de farinha de peixe não afeta o desempenho nem as características de carcaça de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo.<br>This study was conducted to evaluate, in the ration, the use of fish meal supplement with amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics, and on hematological analysis in Nile tilapia juvenils. It was used 140 juveniles with an average weight of 14.0 ± 0.14 g, randomly distributed in a complete random design with five levels of fish meal (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; and 6.0%) in the ration, each one with four replicates. The rations were isoenergetic (3,000 kcal of digestible energy) and isocalcium and fish were fed three times a day until apparent satiety for 60 days. It was evaluated the weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, hepatosomatic index, carcass weight, carcass yield, nitrogen retention, and hematocrit and hemoglobin rates. The levels of fish meal did not change the weight gain, food conversion, ration intake, hepatosomatic level, carcass yield, carcass weight and hemoglobin rate, but they had a quadratic effect on nitrogen retention, humidity, and fat content on the carcass, and on the hematocrit rate. The higher the levels of fish meal, the lowest the protein efficiency rate and the higher the protein and ash levels in the carcass. The 3% level of fish meal does not affect performance neither carcass characteristics of Nile tilapia juveniles

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved