Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Investigation of a Modified Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing Assisted by Radial Pressure with Inward Flowing Liquid Process

Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing (HDDRP), the combination of hydroforming and conventional deep drawing, accommodates the advantages of the two processes. A technique, called HDDRP with inward flowing liquid, has been introduced based on the idea of insertion of radial pressure around the blank rim. The radial pressure created on the blank edge, can increase the drawing ratio. Thus, increasing the radial pressure to an amount greater than the cavity pressure, and independent control of these pressures is the basic idea of this research for forming cylindrical parts. To perform the experiments, two independent pumps were used to provide the two pressures independently. The pressure supply system and the die set were designed in a way that provides simultaneous control of the pressures throughout the process. Then, the effects of radial pressure paths on thickness distribution of cylindrical St13 cups were investigated. In addition, a comparison between HDDRP and HDDRP with inward flowing liquid processes has been performed experimentally. Results indicated that using a higher radial pressure than the cavity pressure and controlling their values at any moment of the process enhances the thickness distribution of the formed part in all regions

Investigation of a Modified Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing Assisted by Radial Pressure with Inward Flowing Liquid Process

Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing (HDDRP), the combination of hydroforming and conventional deep drawing, accommodates the advantages of the two processes. A technique, called HDDRP with inward flowing liquid, has been introduced based on the idea of insertion of radial pressure around the blank rim. The radial pressure created on the blank edge, can increase the drawing ratio. Thus, increasing the radial pressure to an amount greater than the cavity pressure, and independent control of these pressures is the basic idea of this research for forming cylindrical parts. To perform the experiments, two independent pumps were used to provide the two pressures independently. The pressure supply system and the die set were designed in a way that provides simultaneous control of the pressures throughout the process. Then, the effects of radial pressure paths on thickness distribution of cylindrical St13 cups were investigated. In addition, a comparison between HDDRP and HDDRP with inward flowing liquid processes has been performed experimentally. Results indicated that using a higher radial pressure than the cavity pressure and controlling their values at any moment of the process enhances the thickness distribution of the formed part in all regions

MAPPING LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND WASTING IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic