Lentinus crinitus basidiocarp stipe and pileus: chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity

Lentinus crinitus is a wild fungus, which produces mushrooms consumed by some Amazonian Indians. Besides, it is recognized for its diverse biological activities and biotechnological applications. However, there are few reports with limited information on basidiocarp chemical composition and cytotoxicity. Our study determined and evaluated the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of L. crinitus pileus and stipe separately. Chromatographic methods were used to evaluate basidiocarp chemical composition. Cytotoxicity was verified using a cell culture from porcine liver and against a panel of human tumor cells from different models. Antioxidant activity was assessed by different in vitro methods. The pileus had higher levels of protein, ash, tocopherols, and organic acids, mainly malic acid, than the stipe. The stipe revealed higher contents of carbohydrates, energy, soluble sugars, and phenolic acids, mostly p-hydroxybenzoic acid. L. crinitus basidiocarp has mainly trehalose as soluble sugar, and less than 1% fat being ~60% polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly linoleic and oleic acids), and ~13% saturated fatty acids (mostly palmitic acid). L. crinitus revealed high antioxidant activity for most methods and no cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. L. crinitus basidiocarp can be considered a functional food with applicability in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]This research was supported by Universidade Paranaense, UniCesumar, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—finance code 001—, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Fundação Araucária. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020); to the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for L. Barros contract.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

A golden age for heavy quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the $B$-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations. The plethora of newly-found quarkonium-like states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c\bar{c}, b\bar{b}, and b\bar{c} bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.Comment: 182 pages, 112 figures. Editors: N. Brambilla, S. Eidelman, B. K. Heltsley, R. Vogt. Section Coordinators: G. T. Bodwin, E. Eichten, A. D. Frawley, A. B. Meyer, R. E. Mitchell, V. Papadimitriou, P. Petreczky, A. A. Petrov, P. Robbe, A. Vair

Search for jet extinction in the inclusive jet-pT spectrum from proton-proton collisions at s=8 TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.The first search at the LHC for the extinction of QCD jet production is presented, using data collected with the CMS detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 10.7  fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The extinction model studied in this analysis is motivated by the search for signatures of strong gravity at the TeV scale (terascale gravity) and assumes the existence of string couplings in the strong-coupling limit. In this limit, the string model predicts the suppression of all high-transverse-momentum standard model processes, including jet production, beyond a certain energy scale. To test this prediction, the measured transverse-momentum spectrum is compared to the theoretical prediction of the standard model. No significant deficit of events is found at high transverse momentum. A 95% confidence level lower limit of 3.3 TeV is set on the extinction mass scale

Searches for electroweak neutralino and chargino production in channels with Higgs, Z, and W bosons in pp collisions at 8 TeV

Searches for supersymmetry (SUSY) are presented based on the electroweak pair production of neutralinos and charginos, leading to decay channels with Higgs, Z, and W bosons and undetected lightest SUSY particles (LSPs). The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of about 19.5 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected in 2012 with the CMS detector at the LHC. The main emphasis is neutralino pair production in which each neutralino decays either to a Higgs boson (h) and an LSP or to a Z boson and an LSP, leading to hh, hZ, and ZZ states with missing transverse energy (E-T(miss)). A second aspect is chargino-neutralino pair production, leading to hW states with E-T(miss). The decays of a Higgs boson to a bottom-quark pair, to a photon pair, and to final states with leptons are considered in conjunction with hadronic and leptonic decay modes of the Z and W bosons. No evidence is found for supersymmetric particles, and 95% confidence level upper limits are evaluated for the respective pair production cross sections and for neutralino and chargino mass values

Acute effects of breaking up sitting time with isometric wall squat exercise on vascular function and blood pressure in sedentary adults: Randomized crossover trial

Purpose: The World Health Organization has recommended breaking up sitting time to improve cardiovascular health. However, whether isometric exercise can be effectively used as a strategy to break up sitting time remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with isometric wall squat exercise on vascular function and blood pressure in sedentary adults. Methods: This randomized crossover trial included 17 adults (52.9% men, 26±6 yrs, 22.4±3.6 kg/m2) with high sedentary behavior (≥ 6h per day). The participants completed two experimental sessions in a randomized order, both sharing a common sitting period of 180 minutes: Breaks (two-minute breaks were incorporated into the isometric wall squat exercise, with participants maintaining their knees at the angle determined by the incremental test, which occurred every 30 minutes) and Control (sitting for 180 minutes continuously). Popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and brachial blood pressure were measured before, at 10 and 30 minutes after the experimental sessions. Results: The results did not indicate significant session vs. time interaction effects on popliteal FMD and brachial blood pressure (p>0.05). A sub-analysis including only participants with popliteal FMD reduction after the Control session (n=11), revealed that Breaks enhanced popliteal FMD after 10 minutes (1.38±6.45 % vs. -4.87±2.95 %, p=.002) and 30 minutes (-0.43±2.48 % vs. -2.11±5.22 %, p=.047). Conclusion: breaking up prolonged sitting with isometric wall squat exercise mitigates impaired vascular function resulting from prolonged sitting but has no effect on blood pressure in sedentary adults

Chemical Composition Of Essential Oils Of Croton Hirtus L'her From Piauí (brazil)

The essential oils from the fresh leaves of Croton hirtus from two locations, Teresina and Simões in Piauí State, located in northeastern Brazil were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques and further confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. The main compounds found in the oil of the leaves from C. hirtus collected at Simões were spathulenol (26.7%), E-caryophyllene (10.0%), bicyclogermacrene (9.5%), α-cadinol (7.7%) and cubenol (7.0%). At Teresina, the harvest was carried out in two different months and in three periods of the day, and E-caryophyllene (27.9- 37.3%), germacrene D (6.3-33.7%), α-cadinene (7.0-16.1%), δ-cadinene (1.8-13.5%) and α-humulene (3.6-4.6%) were identified as the major constituents. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) lethality bioassay, carried out to investigate the toxicity of the essential oils, showed 50% lethal concentration (LC 50) values of 11.24 and 11.85 μg/ mL for samples from Teresina and Simões, respectively. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.244371376Berry, P.E., Hipp, A.L., Wurdack, K.J., Van Ee, B., Riina, R., Molecular phylogenetics of the giant genus Croton and tribe Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using ITS and trnL-trnF DNA sequence data (2005) American Journal of Botany, 92 (9), pp. 1520-1534Vigor, C., Fabre, N., Fouraste, I., Moulis, C., Three clerodane diterpenoids from Croton eluteria Bennett (2001) Phytochemistry, 57 (8), pp. 1209-1212. , DOI 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00183-2, PII S0031942201001832Puebla, P., Lopez, J.L., Guerrero, M., Carron, R., Martin, M.L., San Roman, L., San Feliciano, A., Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Croton schiedeanus (2003) Phytochemistry, 62 (4), pp. 551-555. , DOI 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00516-2, PII S0031942202005162Roengsumran, S., Petsom, A., Kuptiyanuwat, N., Vilaivan, T., Ngamrojnavanich, N., Chaichantipyuth, C., Phuthong, S., Cytotoxic labdane diterpenoids from Croton oblongifolius (2001) Phytochemistry, 56 (1), pp. 103-107. , DOI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00358-7, PII S0031942200003587Salatino, A., Salatino, M.L.F., Negri, G., Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species (Euphorbiaceae) (2007) J. 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