Eflúvio telógeno pós-infecção por Covid-19: uma revisão narrativa / Telogen effluvium post Covid-19 infection: a narrative review

O presente artigo teve por objetivo descrever a relação entre a ocorrência de eflúvio telógeno e a infecção por COVID-19, bem como apontar possíveis manejos deste fenômeno. O eflúvio telógeno provocado por COVID-19 geralmente ocorre de três a seis meses após a infecção e, apesar de não ter um mecanismo bem estabelecido, os estudos têm mostrado que os danos aos folículos pilosos podem estar relacionados ao estado pró-inflamatório e a alterações nos mecanismos de anticoagulação que ocorrem durante a infecção viral. O diagnóstico, além de considerar a infecção recente pelo SARS-CoV-2, deve ser baseado na exclusão de outras causas de eflúvio telógeno como deficiência de vitaminas, distúrbios hormonais e alterações autoimunes. O tratamento preconizado baseia-se na correção dos fatores determinantes, neste caso, a própria infecção viral e as complicações socioemocionais decorrentes da pandemia. Por fim, reforça-se a importância de mais estudos sobre o tema, de forma a estabelecer como se dá essa associação da infecção viral à queda capilar, bem como propor novas formas de tratamento nesses casos

HIPOTIREOIDISMO: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA SOBRE AS ETIOLOGIAS, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONDUTAS TERAPÊUTICAS

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine condition characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones. This dysfunction affects approximately 4.6% of the world population, with a higher prevalence in women and the elderly. Objective: Review the etiologies, diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism. Methodology: This is a bibliographic review, using articles present in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Original articles and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese published between 2013 and 2024, which addressed hypothyroidism, were included. After analysis, 31 articles were selected to prepare this bibliographic review. Results and Discussion: Among the main etiologies discussed are autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, treatment with radioactive iodine, nutritional deficiencies and the effects of medications. Laboratory tests, such as measuring TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), free T4 and antithyroid antibodies, are essential for diagnosing hypothyroidism. Hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroxine (T4) hormone, is the main therapeutic approach for primary hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine condition that significantly affects patients' quality of life.Introducción: El hipotiroidismo es una afección endocrina común caracterizada por una producción insuficiente de hormonas tiroideas. Esta disfunción afecta aproximadamente al 4,6% de la población mundial, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y personas mayores. Objetivo: Revisar las etiologías, diagnóstico y tratamiento del hipotiroidismo. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica, utilizando artículos presentes en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus, se incluyeron artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas en inglés y portugués publicados entre 2013 y 2024, que abordaron el hipotiroidismo. Luego del análisis, se seleccionaron 31 artículos para elaborar esta revisión bibliográfica. Resultados y Discusión: Entre las principales etiologías discutidas se encuentran los trastornos autoinmunes, como la tiroiditis de Hashimoto, el tratamiento con yodo radiactivo, las deficiencias nutricionales y los efectos de los medicamentos. Las pruebas de laboratorio, como la medición de TSH (hormona estimulante de la tiroides), T4 libre y anticuerpos antitiroideos, son fundamentales para diagnosticar el hipotiroidismo. La terapia de reemplazo hormonal con levotiroxina, una hormona tiroxina (T4) sintética, es el principal enfoque terapéutico para el hipotiroidismo primario. Conclusión: El hipotiroidismo es una condición endocrina común que afecta significativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes.O hipotireoidismo é uma condição endócrina comum, caracterizada pela produção insuficiente de hormônios tireoidianos. Essa disfunção afeta aproximadamente 4,6% da população mundial, com prevalência maior em mulheres e idosos. Objetivo: Revisar as etiologias, diagnóstico e o tratamento do hipotireoidismo. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos presentes nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Web of Science e Scopus Foram incluídos artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português publicadas entre 2013 e 2024, que abordassem sobre o hipotireoidismo. Após a análise, foram selecionados 31 artigos para a confecção dessa revisão bibliográfica.  Resultados e Discussão: Entre as principais etiologias discutidas estão os distúrbios autoimunes, como a tireoidite de Hashimoto, o tratamento com iodo radioativo, deficiências nutricionais e os efeitos de medicamentos. Os exames laboratoriais, como a dosagem de TSH (hormônio estimulante da tireoide), T4 livre e anticorpos antitireoidianos, são fundamentais para o diagnóstico do hipotireoidismo. A terapia de reposição hormonal com levotiroxina, um hormônio sintético de tiroxina (T4), é a principal abordagem terapêutica para o hipotireoidismo primário.  Conclusão: O hipotireoidismo é uma condição endócrina comum que afeta significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.Introdução: O hipotireoidismo é uma condição endócrina comum, caracterizada pela produção insuficiente de hormônios tireoidianos. Essa disfunção afeta aproximadamente 4,6% da população mundial, com prevalência maior em mulheres e idosos. Objetivo: Revisar as etiologias, diagnóstico e o tratamento do hipotireoidismo. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos presentes nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Web of Science e Scopus Foram incluídos artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português publicadas entre 2013 e 2024, que abordassem sobre o hipotireoidismo. Após a análise, foram selecionados 31 artigos para a confecção dessa revisão bibliográfica.  Resultados e Discussão: Entre as principais etiologias discutidas estão os distúrbios autoimunes, como a tireoidite de Hashimoto, o tratamento com iodo radioativo, deficiências nutricionais e os efeitos de medicamentos. Os exames laboratoriais, como a dosagem de TSH (hormônio estimulante da tireoide), T4 livre e anticorpos antitireoidianos, são fundamentais para o diagnóstico do hipotireoidismo. A terapia de reposição hormonal com levotiroxina, um hormônio sintético de tiroxina (T4), é a principal abordagem terapêutica para o hipotireoidismo primário.  Conclusão: O hipotireoidismo é uma condição endócrina comum que afeta significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe