1989 und die Folgen : deutsche Gegenwartsgeschichte im Nachwendefilm

In a significant way Schlöndorff's films "Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum" and "Die Stille nach dem Schuss" reflect the change in intellectual discourse about politics in Germany after 1945, presenting it with different aesthetic means. The film "Die Verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum" is a reconstruction of the ideological situation in 1968 in which Schlöndorff in close cooperation with Böll takes a provocative position. In "Die Stille nach dem Schuss", however, Schlöndorff outlines the public discussion about the political and ideological antagonisms in the former GDR and the coming to terms with its Stasi-past after 1989. Schlöndorff also critically evaluates his own position as a Western intellectual towards the GDR and in Germany after reunification. In contrast, the recent films "Der Baader Meinhof Komplex" and "Die innere Sicherheit" open up new perspectives on the extraparliamentary opposition and the Baader Meinhof group. Eichinger´s and Edel´s film puts the story into a historical context and denounces all heroism, whereas Petzold´s film shows the consequences of this political movement focusing on people´s private life in a way characteristic of the so-called "Berlin School".Schlöndorffs Filme "Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum" und "Die Stille nach dem Schuss" spiegeln in signifikanter Weise einen Wandel des intellektuellen Diskurses über Politik in Deutschland nach 1945, zugleich konturieren sie ihn mit unterschiedlichen ästhetischen Mitteln. "Die Verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum" rekonstruiert die ideologische Situation des Jahres 1968, in der Schlöndorff in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Böll eine markante Position bezieht, "Die Stille nach dem Schuss" skizziert demgegenüber eine Bewusstseinslage, in der erstmals nach der Wende des Jahres 1989 die politischen und ideologischen Widersprüche innerhalb der früheren DDR und die Aufarbeitung der Stasivergangenheit offen thematisiert werden. Dabei beleuchtet Schlöndorff zugleich kritisch die eigene Haltung als westlicher Intellektueller gegenüber der DDR und im vereinigten Deutschland. Dagegen machen die neueren Filme "Der Baader Meinhof Komplex" und "Die innere Sicherheit" auf je unterschiedliche Weise die Neubewertung der Außerparlamentarischen Opposition und der Baader Meinhof Gruppe deutlich, die ebenfalls nach 1989 einsetzt. Dabei führt der Film von Eichinger und Edel zu einer Historisierung und ideologiekritischen Entheroisierung, seine Präsentation einer Phase der politischen Opposition in Deutschland wird mit Mitteln des action-Films entfaltet. Petzolds Film dagegen zeigt die Folgen dieser Bewegung in der für die "Berliner Schule" typischen Konzentration auf das Private

Beschriebenes und erschriebenes Blau. Die Farbe Blau in literarischen Texten.

Sin resume

Guidelines for consistent reporting of exchanges/to nature within life cycle inventories (LCI)

Data availability and data quality are still critical factors for successful LCA work. The SETAC-Europe LCA Working Group ‘Data Availability and Data Quality' has therefore focused on ongoing developments toward a common data exchange format, public databases and accepted quality measures to find science-based solutions than can be widely accepted. A necessary prerequisite for the free flow and exchange of life cycle inventory (LCI) data and the comparability of LCIs is the consistent definition, nomenclature, and use of inventory parameters. This is the main subject of the subgroup ‘Recommended List of Exchanges' that presents its results and findings here: • Rigid parameter lists for LCIs are not practical; especially, compulsory lists of measurements for all inventories are counterproductive. Instead, practitioners should be obliged to give the rationale for their scientific choice of selected and omitted parameters. The standardized (not: mandatory!) parameter list established by the subgroup can help to facilitate this. • The standardized nomenclature of LCI parameters and the standardized list of measurement bases (units) for these parameters need not be appliedinternally (e.g. in LCA software), but should be adhered to inexternal communications (data for publication and exchange). Deviations need to be clearly stated. • Sum parameters may or may not overlap - misinterpretations in either direction introduce a bias of unknown significance in the subsequent life cycle impact assessments (LCIA). The only person who can discriminate unambiguously is the practitioner who measures or calculates such values. Therefore, a clear statement of independence or overlap is necessary for every sum parameter reported. • Sum parameters should be only used when the group of emissions as such is measured. Individually measured emission parameters should not be hidden in group or sum parameters. • Problematic substances (such as carcinogens, ozone depleting agents and the like) maynever be obscured in group emissions (together with less harmful substances or with substances of different environmental impact), butmust be determined and reported individually, as mentioned in paragraph 3.3 of this article. • Mass and energy balances should be carried out on a unit process level. Mass balances should be done on the level of the entire mass flow in a process as well as on the level of individual chemical elements. • Whenever possible, practitioners should try to fill data gaps with their knowledge of analogous processes, environmental expert judgements, mass balance calculations, worst case assumptions or similar estimation procedure

Is resistance to ischaemia of motor axons in diabetic subjects due to membrane depolarization?

The reasons for the resistance to ischaemia of peripheral nerves in diabetics are not well understood. We have now explored whether axonal depolarization underlies this phenomenon, as has previously been proposed. Resistance to ischaemia was determined by the new method of “threshold tracking”. This method revealed an increase in excitability of the peroneal nerve at the popliteal fossa during ischaemia, and a decrease in excitability in the post-ischaemic period. The extent of these alterations in 28 type 1 diabetics without peripheral neuropathy showed a strong correlation with the mean blood glucose concentrations during the last 24 h before examination. To test whether the ischaemic resistance was related to membrane potential, we also measured axonal superexcitability in 11 selected diabetics, since it has been shown that post-spike changes in excitability depend on membrane potential. Changes in excitability of the peroneal nerve were measured in the period between 10 and 30 msec following a conditioning supramaximal compound action potential. Under resting conditions, no differences in the post-spike superexcitability were found between controls and diabetics, despite striking differences in their responses to a 10-min pressure cuff. These observations indicate that membrane depolarization is not involved in the resistance to ischaemia of motor axons in diabetic subjects

Extended Abstracts of the Second Privacy Enhancing Technologies Convention (PET-CON 2008.1)

PET-CON, the Privacy Enhancing Technologies Convention, is a forum for researchers, students, developers, and other interested people to discuss novel research, current developments and techniques in the area of Privacy Enhancing Technologies. PET-CON was first conceived in June 2007 at the 7th International PET Symposium in Ottawa, Canada. The idea was to set up a bi-annual convention in or nearby Germany to be able to meet more often than only once a year at some major conference

Pegfilgrastim reduces the length of hospitalization and the time to engraftment in multiple myeloma patients treated with melphalan 200 and auto-SCT compared with filgrastim

To reduce the duration of neutropenia after conditioning chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT), granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) are commonly administered. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of pegfilgrastim compared to filgrastim on neutrophil engraftment, hospital stay, and supportive measures in patients with multiple myeloma after conditioning with Melphalan 200 (Mel200) followed by APBSCT. Ninety-two APBSCT after Mel200 treatment were performed in 72 patients between January 2006 and December 2009 at our institution. Patients received either single-dose pegfilgrastim (n = 46; 50%), or daily filgrastim (n = 46; 50%) after APBSCT (median duration of filgrastim use, 9days; range, 3-14days). Duration of neutropenia grade IV was shorter with pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim (median, 5days (range, 3-14days) versus 6days (range, 3-9days), p = 0.0079). The length of hospitalization differed significantly (pegfilgrastim (median, 14.5days; range, 11-47days) versus filgrastim (median, 15.5days; range, 12-64days), p = 0.024). Pegfilgrastim-treated patients had less red blood cell transfusions (median, 0 transfusions (range, 0-10) versus 0.5 transfusions (range, 0-9), p = 0.00065). Pegfilgrastim was associated with reduced cost of the treatment procedure compared with filgrastim (p = 0.031). Pegfilgrastim appears to be at least equivalent to filgrastim without additional expenditure in myeloma patients treated with Mel200 and APBSC

Dynamics of the rotational degrees of freedom in a supercooled liquid of diatomic molecules

Using molecular dynamics computer simulations, we investigate the dynamics of the rotational degrees of freedom in a supercooled system composed of rigid, diatomic molecules. The interaction between the molecules is given by the sum of interaction-site potentials of the Lennard-Jones type. In agreement with mode-coupling theory (MCT), we find that the relaxation times of the orientational time correlation functions C_1^(s), C_2^(s) and C_1 show at low temperatures a power-law with the same critical temperature T_c, and which is also identical to the critical temperature for the translational degrees of freedom. In contrast to MCT we find, however, that for these correlators the time-temperature superposition principle does not hold well and that also the critical exponent gamma depends on the correlator. We also study the temperature dependence of the rotational diffusion constant D_r and demonstrate that at high temperatures D_r is proportional to the translational diffusion constant D and that when the system starts to become supercooled the former shows an Arrhenius behavior whereas the latter exhibits a power-law dependence. We discuss the origin for the difference in the temperature dependence of D (or the relaxation times of C_l^(s) and D_r. Finally we present results which show that at low temperatures 180 degree flips of the molecule are an important component of the relaxation dynamics for the orientational degrees of freedom.Comment: 17 pages of RevTex, 12 figure

Температурное поле в кристалле иттрий-алюминиевого граната при двухстадийном выращивании

Установлено существование оптимального значения теплопроводности, при котором достигается наиболее равномерное распределение модуля температурного градиента на фронте кристаллизации

mTOR Regulation of Glycolytic Metabolism in T Cells

T cell activation, differentiation and effector function is intrinsically linked to the regulation of metabolic pathways. Evidence has shown that inflammatory T cell responses are dependent upon the adoption of aerobic glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, activation and regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway serves a key determinant of T cell metabolism, with subsequent effects on T cell effector responses. In this mini-review, we discuss the mechanisms underpinning the function of the Warburg effect in T cell responses and the role of mTOR in these processes