In vitro production of capsaicin through plant tissue culture

Capsaicin, a secondary metabolite produced in capsicum, is in high demand in pharmaceutical industry because of its various medicinal properties. Currently, the supply of capsaicin depends upon its extraction from capsicum fruits. This limits the production of capsaicin as it depends upon agricultural produce. The current review has compiled information from various literature published on chemistry and importance of capsaicin along with its method of production. It also reviews the process of in vitro production of capsaicin through plant tissue culture, strategies of increasing capsaicin accumulation and its advantages over extraction from fruits and artificial synthesis

MHD Flow and Heat Transfer in a Power-Law Liquid Film at a Porous Surface in the Presence of Thermal Radiation

In this paper, the effects of variable thermal conductivity and thermal radiation on the MHD flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian power-law liquid film at a horizontal porous sheet in the presence of viscous dissipation is studied. The governing time dependent boundary layer equations are transformed to coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations with power-law index, unsteady parameter, film thickness, magnetic parameter, injection parameter, variable thermal conductivity parameter, thermal radiation parameter, the Prandtl number and the Eckert number. These coupled non-linear equations are solved numerically by an implicit, finite difference scheme known as the Keller box method. The obtained numerical results for velocity and temperature profiles are presented graphically. Also, the obtained results of our study for some special cases are compared with the previously published results, and the results are found to be in very good agreement. The effects of unsteady parameter on the skin friction, wall- temperature gradient and the film thickness are explored for different values of the power-law index and the magnetic parameter. The results obtained reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study of the equations related to non-Newtonian fluid phenomena, especially the shear-thinning phenomena

MHD Flow and Heat Transfer in a Power-Law Liquid Film at a Porous Surface in the Presence of Thermal Radiation

In this paper, the effects of variable thermal conductivity and thermal radiation on the MHD flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian power-law liquid film at a horizontal porous sheet in the presence of viscous dissipation is studied. The governing time dependent boundary layer equations are transformed to coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations with power-law index, unsteady parameter, film thickness, magnetic parameter, injection parameter, variable thermal conductivity parameter, thermal radiation parameter, the Prandtl number and the Eckert number. These coupled non-linear equations are solved numerically by an implicit, finite difference scheme known as the Keller box method. The obtained numerical results for velocity and temperature profiles are presented graphically. Also, the obtained results of our study for some special cases are compared with the previously published results, and the results are found to be in very good agreement. The effects of unsteady parameter on the skin friction, wall- temperature gradient and the film thickness are explored for different values of the power-law index and the magnetic parameter. The results obtained reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study of the equations related to non-Newtonian fluid phenomena, especially the shear-thinning phenomena

The prediction of consumer buying intentions : a comparative study of the predictive efficacy of two attitudinal models / 234

Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-29)

Synthesis, photophysical characterisation and photostability studies of NIR probes with aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated terminals in 5- and 9-amino positions of benzo[a]phenoxazines

A new series of benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides possessing mono- or disubstituted amines with 3-chloropropyl groups at the 9-position, isopropyl, cyclohexyl and phenyl groups as terminals at 5-postion was synthesised. Photophysical studies were performed in dry ethanol and aqueous solutions. The terminals at the 5-amino position were found to influence the acid-base equilibrium. The presence of hydroxyl functionality at 2-position was found to introduce an additional basic form that is the one in equilibrium with the cationic acid form in dry ethanol solutions. The photostability of these compounds in different media was also investigated and a high resistance to photobleaching in model biological membranes was observed. In proteins a moderate of 20% photobleaching occurs in 1h 30min, while in water more than 60% of the compound molecules are photodegraded during the same time interval.Thanks are due to the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for financial support to the NMR portuguese network (PTNMR, Bruker Avance III 400-Univ. Minho), FCT and FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE-QREN-EU for financial support to Research Centres CQ/UM [PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2013 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-037302)] and CFUM [PEst-C/FIS/UI0607/2013 (F-COMP-01-0124-FEDER-022711)]. Post-doctoral grant to B. R. Raju (SFRH/BPD/62881/2009) is also acknowledged to FCT, POPH-QREN, FSE

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MICRO GAS TURBINE

A turbine blade is the person aspect which makes up the turbine phase of a gas turbine. The blades are answerable for extracting strength from the high temperature, high strain gas produced with the aid of the combustor. The turbine blades are frequently the restricting factor of gas turbines. To survive in this difficult environment, turbine blades regularly use distinctive materials like notable alloys and lots of exceptional methods of cooling, which includes inner air channels, boundary layer cooling, and thermal barrier coatings. In this mission, a turbine blade is designed and modeled in 3-D modeling software program CREO. The design is changed with the aid of changing the base of the blade to boom the cooling efficiency. Since the design of faster equipment is complicated, and efficiency is immediately associated with cloth performance, material selection is of top significance. In this project,  materials are considered for turbine blade titanium alloy and nickel alloy. Optimization is achieved by using varying the materials Titanium alloy and Super Alloy by using acting coupled discipline evaluation (thermal+structural) at the turbine blade for each the designs

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Sequential and cyclical nature of information processing models in repetitive choice behavior / 142

Includes bibliographical references