The discourse function of inverse voice: An experimental study in Teribe (Chibchan)

Quesada JD, Skopeteas S. The discourse function of inverse voice: An experimental study in Teribe (Chibchan). Journal of Pragmatics. 2010;42(9):2579-2600.It has been argued that the use of inverse voice in languages with pragmatic inversion depends on the discourse status of the referents: this voice occurs when the patient outranks the agent in topicality. In our article, we present empirical evidence from Teribe, a Chibchan language of Panama and Costa Rica and we examine the interaction between inverse voice and information structure. We report the results of three production experiments which show that there is a strong correlation but not a categorical association between inverse voice and particular information structural properties. On this empirical basis, we claim that the occurrence of inverse voice in discourse may be accounted for in terms of discourse-oriented preferences concerning the linear order and does not require the assumption that discrete pragmatic properties such as topic or focus are inherent part of the construction at issue

Las lenguas indígenas de la Costa Rica actual

La población indígena costarricense asciende a 63,876 personas distribuidas en ocho pueblos indígenas: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi y teribe. En este artículo se presenta su distribución étnica y territorial, sus orígenes e historias, la filiación genética de sus lenguas y su estado actual. También se señalan las instituciones y las investigaciones y programas cuyos esfuerzos están encaminados a la revitalización de sus lenguas y la reivindicación de sus derechos étnicos

Las lenguas indígenas de la Costa Rica actual

The indigenous population of Costa Rica amounts to 63,876 persons distributed among eight indigenous ethnic groups: huetar, guatuso, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, boruca, guaymi and teribe. In this paper is presented their territorial and ethnic distribution, their origins and history, the genetic affiliation of their languages and their present state. The institutions, investigations and programs whose efforts are oriented to the revitalization of their languages and the reclamation of their ethnic rights are also pointed out. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.856 Wani No.62 2010 pp.19-24La población indígena costarricense asciende a 63,876 personas distribuidas en ocho pueblos indígenas: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi y teribe. En este artículo se presenta su distribución étnica y territorial, sus orígenes e historias, la filiación genética de sus lenguas y su estado actual. También se señalan las instituciones y las investigaciones y programas cuyos esfuerzos están encaminados a la revitalización de sus lenguas y la reivindicación de sus derechos étnicos. 1. INDIGENAS DE COSTA RICA-HISTORIA 2. ETNICIDADINVESTIGACIONES- COSTA RICA 3. CULTURAS INDIGENAS-COSTA RICA DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.856 Wani No.62 2010 pp.19-24 Naiwa pyuwara Costa Rica ra patitara uplika kyamka nani yapti bila aisanka nani ba Naiwa pyuwa ra Costa Rica ra patitara uplika kyamka nani ba 63,876 upla nani barasa, baha nani sut ba kyamka satka 8 nani ra asla takisa, nina nani ba: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi bara teribi. Naha ulbanka ra tanka marikisa baha nani sat ka kumi bani kyamka mapla bara tasbaya piarkika trabilka nani dukiara; baku sin witinka nani ginisis ka, blasi ka sturka, yaptika bila nani pana pana wilkanka tanka bamna naiwa yuwa kat ai iwan ka nani nahki briba tanka sim. Baku sin naha ulbanka ra tanka marikisa baha uplika yaptika bila nani tiwi auya ba kli raki bukaia bara ai raitka laka alkaia aiklabanka bri nani ba ta baikaia lainkara wark nani dauki aula ba sim.Costa Rica sauni yak warmanimanikatindiantuniyulwabalna Costa Rica sauni kidi indian sulani63,876 muih pa binina sat sat kau yalalahwi: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi y teribe. Adika wauhnitaya akat laih sulani dawak sauni kau sahyakwi nining kawi, angkaupak kalahna dawak yulni bayakna balna bik, tuni yulwa kidi angdika kal uduhna kaupak kidi dawak warmani kat yalalahwa pani balna bik. Kaput bik adika yak yulwi Apis, walwi talna dawak prukrama balna tuni yulwa dawak sulani kapat ramhni balna yak parasniawinininglalauwakidibik

INDEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS OF PHAEOMELANIC MALES OF THE VARIABLE SEEDEATER (SPOROPHILA CORVINA) WITH COMMENTS ABOUT ITS POTENTIAL FOR EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE

Plumage coloration largely depends on the type and concentration of pigments present in feathers. Therefore, changes in pigment deposition may result in aberrant colorations, which, in turn, will likely interfere with the plumage color’s function (e.g., signaling, protection). Published records of aberrant plumage colors underestimate the type and frequency of these phenotypes, especially in the tropics. Here, we report five independent observations of phaeomelanic males of the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina), in which typically white feathers were instead chestnut-red, likely due to the deposition of phaeomelanin. Our observations add to previous reports of aberrant melanin-based coloration in this species, suggesting that genomic region(s) influencing the expression of phaeomelanin are a biased target for mutations. Because mutations affecting the regulation of melanin deposition result in novel plumage phenotypes, we discuss aberrant phenotypes as an important source of variation fueling rapid divergence among populations of this avian clade

Fractioning of Proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa. Composition and Structure-Bioactivity Relationship

In a previous study, the detailed low-molecular weight polyphenolic profile of the different plant parts (leaves, stem, bark and wood) of Uncaria tomentosa was reported, the leaves being the plant part with the highest phenolic content and presenting the most heterogenous proanthocyanidin composition. Further, cytotoxicity of leaves extracts in two cancer cell lines was also found to be higher than in the remaining parts of the plant. In the present study, fractioning of U. tomentosa leaves polyphenolic extracts was performed using Diaion® HP-20 resin and a detailed characterization and quantification of fractions (n = 5) was achieved using advanced analytical techniques such as Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization and Triple Quadrupole (TQD) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/TQ-ESI-MS) and 13C-NMR. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines were also determined in the different fractions. Results showed selective distribution of 32 non-flavonoid and flavonoid phenolics among the different fractions. ORAC varied between 3.2 and 11.8 µmol TE/mg in the different fractions, whereas IC50 of cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines best values were between 71.4 and 75.6 µg/mL. Fractions rich in proanthocyanidins also showed the highest bioactivity. In fact, significant positive correlation was found between total proanthocyanidins (TP) quantified by UPLC-DAD and ORAC (R 2 = 0.970), whereas significant negative correlation was found between TP and cytotoxicity towards AGS (R 2 = 0.820) and SW620 (R 2 = 0.843) adenocarcinoma cell lines. Among proanthocyanidins, propelargonidin dimers were of particular interest, showing significant correlation with cytotoxic selectivity on both gastric AGS (R 2 = 0.848) and colon SW620 (R 2 = 0.883) adenocarcinoma cell lines. These results show further evidence of the bioactivity of U. tomentosa proanthocyanidin extracts and their potential health effects.Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo/[A/023397/09]/AECID/EspañaAgencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo/[A/030037/10]/AECID/EspañaCosta Rica-USA Foundation/[]/CRUSA/Costa RicaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/[CR0024]/CSIC/EspañaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de MedicinaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Implementation of a Multimodal Analgesic Strategy Including Continuous Femoral Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

El remplazo total de rodilla es un procedimiento quirúrgico doloroso. El inadecuado control del dolor postoperatorio se asocia a desenlaces adversos a corto, y largo plazo. El bloqueo femoral continuo ha demostrado ser eficaz y eficiente como parte de la analgesia multimodal. Esta serie de 48 pacientes sometidos a remplazo total de rodilla, quienes recibieron tratamiento analgésico multimodal incluyendo bloqueo continuo de nervio femoral, documenta el perfil de control del dolor durante las primeras 48 horas. Esta es una experiencia exitosa de implementación de técnicas regionales como parte del alivio de dolor perioperatorio, como es documentado en la literatura. Hacemos hincapié en que cada institución debe conocer su recurso técnico y humano, y caracterizar a sus pacientes, para poder implementar protocolos de analgesia multimodal que incluyan esta técnica regional. Así mismo sugerimos hacer un seguimiento e implementar procesos de mejoramiento continuo.Total knee replacement is a painful surgical procedure. The inadequate control of postoperative pain is associated with adverse outcomes in the short and long term. Continuous femoral block has been shown to be effective and efficient as part of multimodal analgesia. This series of 48 patients who underwent total knee replacement, who received multimodal analgesic treatment including continuous femoral nerve block, documents the pain control profile during the first 48 hours. This is a successful experience of implementing regional techniques as part of perioperative pain relief, as documented in the literature. We emphasize that each institution must know its technical and human resource and characterize its patients, in order to implement multimodal analgesia protocols that include this regional technique. We also suggest to monitor and implement continuous improvement processes.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-6630https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8043-716Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-153Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-3394Revista Nacional - Indexad

Proanthocyanidin Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Three Plants Commonly Used in Traditional Medicine in Costa Rica: Petiveria alliaceae L., Phyllanthus niruri L. and Senna reticulataWilld

The phenolic composition of aerial parts from Petiveria alliaceae L., Phyllanthus niruri L. and Senna reticulata Willd., species commonly used in Costa Rica as traditional medicines, was studied using UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS on enriched-phenolic extracts. Comparatively, higher values of total phenolic content (TPC), as measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, were observed for P. niruri extracts (328.8 gallic acid equivalents/g) than for S. reticulata (79.30 gallic acid equivalents/g) whereas P. alliaceae extract showed the lowest value (13.45 gallic acid equivalents/g). A total of 20 phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins were identified in the extracts, including hydroxybenzoic acids (benzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, prochatechuic, salicylic, syringic and vanillic acids); hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids); and flavan-3-ols monomers [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin)]. Regarding proanthocyanidin oligomers, five procyanidin dimers (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5) and one trimer (T2) are reported for the first time in P. niruri, as well as two propelargonidin dimers in S. reticulata. Additionally, P. niruri showed the highest antioxidant DPPH and ORAC values (IC50 of 6.4 μg/mL and 6.5 mmol TE/g respectively), followed by S. reticulata (IC50 of 72.9 μg/mL and 2.68 mmol TE/g respectively) and P. alliaceae extract (IC50 >1000 μg/mL and 1.32 mmol TE/g respectively). Finally, cytotoxicity and selectivity on gastric AGS and colon SW20 adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated and the best values were also found for P. niruri (SI = 2.8), followed by S. reticulata (SI = 2.5). Therefore, these results suggest that extracts containing higher proanthocyanidin content also show higher bioactivities. Significant positive correlation was found between TPC and ORAC (R2 = 0.996) as well as between phenolic content as measured by UPLC-DAD and ORAC (R2 = 0.990). These findings show evidence for the first time of the diversity of phenolic acids in P. alliaceae and S. reticulata, and the presence of proanthocyanidins as minor components in latter species. Of particular relevance is the occurrence of proanthocyanidin oligomers in phenolic extracts from P. niruri and their potential bioactivityUniversidad de Costa Rica/[115-B0-653]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de MedicinaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Efecto de la perturbación del bosque en la tasa de visitas de murciélagos polinizadores y sus consecuencias sobre el éxito reproductivo y sistema de apareamiento en árboles de la familia Bombacaceae.

La fragmentación y la perturbación del bosque pueden tener efectos deletéreos sobre el éxito reproductivo y el sistema de apareamiento de los árboles tropicales, además de modificar el compartimiento de sus polinizadores. Los objetivos de este capítulo son: (1) evaluar el efecto de la perturbación del bosque sobre la tasa de visita de los murciélagos a cuatro especies de árboles de Bombacaceas; (2) comparar el éxito reproductivo entre árboles en áreas perturbadas y en bosques continuos; (3) determinar las consecuencias de un cambio en la tasa de visitas de los polinizadores sobre el éxito reproductivo de los árboles; y (4) documentar cómo los patrones de visita de los polinizadores pueden afectar el sistema de apareamiento de las plantas que polinizan. Se estudiaron cuatro especies de árboles de la familia Bombacaceae en los bosques tropicales de Jalisco, México, y en las regiones de Guanacaste y la Península de Osa, en Costa Rica. Los murciélagos nectarívoros fueron los únicos polinizadores efectivos para estas cuatro especies. Las flores de Ceiba grandiflora en el bosque recibieron más visitas por parte de Glossophaga soricina; no se observaron diferencias en el número de visitas por parte de Leptonycteris curasoae y Musonycteris harrisoni solo visitó flores dentro del bosque. Ceiba aesculifolia presentó una mayor tasa de visitas en los sitios perturbados, tanto por G.. soricina como por L. curasoae. Ceiba pentandra, en Chamela, no presentó diferencias en la tasa de visitas de G. soricina entre áreas perturbadas y bosque continuo, pero L. curasoae visitó una mayor cantidad de flores en bosque continuo. En Guanacaste, C. pentandra recibió más visitas de Phyllostomus discolor que de G presentó una mayor producción de flores en fragmentos y no hubo diferencias en la proporción de frutos por flor (fruto/flor). Ceiba grandiflora no presentó diferencias en la producción de flores, pero la razón fruto/flor fue mayor en el bosque. Pachira quinata presentó un patrón similar a C. aesculifolia en cuanto a la producción de flores, pero la razón fruto/flor fue mayor en los árboles de bosque continuo. Estas cuatro especies de Bombacaceae son predominantemente autoincompatibles. Los niveles de exocruzamiento fueron independientes del tipo de hábitat para C. aesculifolia, C. grandiflora y C. pentandra en Guanacaste; sin embargo, los árboles C. pentandra, en la Península de Osa, mostraron un sistema de apareamiento mixto. Los efectos de la perturbación del bosque sobre la polinización por murciélagos, la reproducción de plantas y sus patrones de apareamiento varían según la especie de Bombacaceae y su historia de vida.Forest fragmentation and disturbance can have negative effects on the reproductive success and mating systems of tropical trees, in addition to modifying the behavior of the pollinators that pollinate them. The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the effect of forest disturbance on bat pollinator activity for four bombacaceous species; (2) to compare reproductive success between trees found in disturbed habitats and continuous forest; (3) to determine the consequences of a change in bat pollinator activity on plant reproductive success; and (4) to document how bat pollinator activity may affect breeding systems in the plants they pollinate. Four species from the Bombacaceae family were studied in the tropical forests of Jalisco, Mexico, and in the areas of Guanacaste and Peninsula de Osa, in Costa Rica. Nectarivorous bats were the only effective pollinators observed for these four species. Flowers from Ceiba grandiflora in the forest received more visits from Glossophaga soricina. No differences were observed for Leptonycteris curasoae and Musonycteris harrisoni was only observed visiting flowers in the forest. Flowers from C. aesculifolia in fragmented habitats received more visits from both G. soricina and L. curasoae. For C. pentandra in Chamela no differences in visits were observed for G. soricina between disturbed areas and continuous forest, but L. curasoae visited more flowers in continuous forest. In Guanacaste, C. pentandra received more visits from Phyllostoumus discolor than G. soricina, and in Osa no bat visits were observed. Ceiba aesculifolia produced more flowers in disturbed areas but no differences were observed for fruit set. Ceiba grandiflora showed no differences in flower production but fruit set was greater in the forest. Similar to C. grandiflora, Pachira quinata showed no differences in flower production, however, greater fruit set was observed in continuous forest. These four bombacaceous species are predominantly self-incompatible. Out-crossing rates were independent of habitat for C. aesculifolia, C. grandiflora, and C. pentandra en Guanacaste; however, C. pentandra trees from the Osa Peninsula showed a mixed breeding system. Our results show that the effects of forest disturbance on bat pollination, plant reproductive success and breeding system varied depending on the bombacaceous species and its life history characteristics.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

Background Ripening of fleshy fruit is a complex developmental process involving the differentiation of tissues with separate functions. During grapevine berry ripening important processes contributing to table and wine grape quality take place, some of them flesh- or skin-specific. In this study, transcriptional profiles throughout flesh and skin ripening were followed during two different seasons in a table grape cultivar ‘Muscat Hamburg’ to determine tissue-specific as well as common developmental programs. Methodology/Principal Findings Using an updated GrapeGen Affymetrix GeneChip® annotation based on grapevine 12×v1 gene predictions, 2188 differentially accumulated transcripts between flesh and skin and 2839 transcripts differentially accumulated throughout ripening in the same manner in both tissues were identified. Transcriptional profiles were dominated by changes at the beginning of veraison which affect both pericarp tissues, although frequently delayed or with lower intensity in the skin than in the flesh. Functional enrichment analysis identified the decay on biosynthetic processes, photosynthesis and transport as a major part of the program delayed in the skin. In addition, a higher number of functional categories, including several related to macromolecule transport and phenylpropanoid and lipid biosynthesis, were over-represented in transcripts accumulated to higher levels in the skin. Functional enrichment also indicated auxin, gibberellins and bHLH transcription factors to take part in the regulation of pre-veraison processes in the pericarp, whereas WRKY and C2H2 family transcription factors seems to more specifically participate in the regulation of skin and flesh ripening, respectively. Conclusions/Significance A transcriptomic analysis indicates that a large part of the ripening program is shared by both pericarp tissues despite some components are delayed in the skin. In addition, important tissue differences are present from early stages prior to the ripening onset including tissue-specific regulators. Altogether, these findings provide key elements to understand berry ripening and its differential regulation in flesh and skin.This study was financially supported by GrapeGen Project funded by Genoma España within a collaborative agreement with Genome Canada. The authors also thank The Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for project BIO2008-03892 and a bilateral collaborative grant with Argentina (AR2009-0021). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe