Cultura política en Colombia, ¿Un problema de educación, de valores o de condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos?

This article presents a different point of view about the discussion of political culture in Colombia, affirming that it does not exists due to deficient citizen life conditions. To support this argument, the article contextualizes the reason why political culture has recovered importance in the country. In the following paragraphs we take in consideration the concepts of political culture from different authors. Then, the article shows some fundamental elements in order to analyze political culture and the relationship between political culture and political system. Finally, the article explains acknowledged positions regarding the central thesis.Este artículo pretende mostrar otro punto de vista frente a la discusión de la cultura política en Colombia, afirmando que la falta de esta en el país es causada por las deficiencias en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Para sustentar esta posición, el artículo inicia con una pequeña introducción que permite contextualizar por qué la cultura política vuelve a estar en discusión en el país. En los siguientes apartes se toman como referencia los conceptos que definen qué es cultura política. También, se expondrán algunos elementos que son determinantes para el análisis de la cultura política y la relación existente entre ésta y el sistema político, y por último, se expondrán las posiciones referentes a la tesis inicial de este documento

Discusiones sobre la ciudad y sus dinámicas

Studying a city becomes a matter of great importance. Nevertheless, due to the fast growth of cities, we have to ask ourselves what a city actually is, what important it is, why governments should devote more time to its planning. In spite of the great controversy and issues that can be brought up, it is indispensable to understand the meaning of city, presenting in a brief way some of the conclusions that theorists, professors and researchers have made on its definition, dynamics, and even on its classification. Among them there are two outstanding ones: the city that can be governed or ruled and the Sustainable City. These kinds of urban areas are necessary considering the challenges mankind has nowadays. The first reason is that according to Weiis M.(2002) a significant number of the problems of cities deal, in most cases, with unwilling goverments, being unaware of these subjects, and generally not very representative, which causes a negative decision-making process on the re-orientation and construction of cities. On the other hand, the Sustainable City aims for the conservation of the environment and the reasonable use of resources. The latter aspect is important due to the pursuit of planning and improvement of a territory that protects natural resources and everything related to them to guarantee the enjoyment of a healthy environment.El estudiar la ciudad resulta un tema de gran envergadura, sin embargo, ante el vertiginoso crecimiento de las mismas hace entrever la necesidad de preguntarnos ¿qué es la ciudad?, ¿que tan importante es?, ¿porqué los gobiernos deben dedicar más tiempo a su planificación?. Pese a la diversidad de polémicas y discusiones que pueden surgir, se establece como primera medida conocer el significado de ciudad, exponiendo brevemente algunas conclusiones a las que teóricos, profesores e investigadores han llegado sobre su definición, dinámica, e incluso su clasificación. Dentro de las cuales se destacan particularmente dos: la Ciudad Gobernable y la Ciudad Sostenible; siendo éstas necesarias ante los desafíos de la humanidad. En cuanto a la ciudad gobernable, su estudio se debe a que gran parte los problemas de las ciudades en palabras de Weiis, M. (2002) tienen que ver en la mayoría de los casos con gobiernos sin voluntad, sin conocimiento en la materia, y por lo general poco representativos, generando con ello una mala toma de decisiones sobre la reorientación y construcción de las ciudades. Por otro lado, se profundiza en la Ciudad Sostenible porque procura: la conservación del entorno y hacer el uso razonable de los recursos. Lo anterior se resalta debido a la búsqueda de una planificación y ordenación del territorio que salvaguarde los medios naturales y de todo lo que lo conforman, para garantizar el goce de un ambiente sano

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The second-order Fourier coefficients (v(2)) characterizing the azimuthal distributions of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons produced in PbPb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV are studied. The Y mesons are reconstructed in their dimuon decay channel, as measured by the CMS detector. The collected data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1). The scalar product method is used to extract the v2 coefficients of the azimuthal distributions. Results are reported for the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.4, in the transverse momentum interval 0 < pT < 50 GeV/c, and in three centrality ranges of 10-30%, 30-50% and 50-90%. In contrast to the J/psi mesons, the measured v(2) values for the Y mesons are found to be consistent with zero. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.Peer reviewe

Calibration of the CMS hadron calorimeters using proton-proton collision data at root s=13 TeV

Methods are presented for calibrating the hadron calorimeter system of theCMSetector at the LHC. The hadron calorimeters of the CMS experiment are sampling calorimeters of brass and scintillator, and are in the form of one central detector and two endcaps. These calorimeters cover pseudorapidities vertical bar eta vertical bar ee data. The energy scale of the outer calorimeters has been determined with test beam data and is confirmed through data with high transverse momentum jets. In this paper, we present the details of the calibration methods and accuracy.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the Jet Mass Distribution and Top Quark Mass in Hadronic Decays of Boosted Top Quarks in pp Collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement is reported of the jet mass distribution in hadronic decays of boosted top quarks produced in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lepton + jets channel of t (t) over bar events, where the lepton is an electron or muon. The products of the hadronic top quark decay t -> bW -> bq (q) over bar' are reconstructed as a single jet with transverse momentum larger than 400 GeV. The t (t) over bar cross section as a function of the jet mass is unfolded at the particle level and used to extract a value of the top quark mass of 172.6 +/- 2.5 GeV. A novel jet reconstruction technique is used for the first time at the LHC, which improves the precision by a factor of 3 relative to an earlier measurement. This highlights the potential of measurements using boosted top quarks, where the new technique will enable future precision measurements.Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

Search for top squark pair production in a final state with two tau leptons in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search for pair production of the supersymmetric partner of the top quark, the top squark, in proton-proton collision events at s = 13 TeV is presented in a final state containing hadronically decaying tau leptons and large missing transverse momentum. This final state is highly sensitive to high-tan beta or higgsino-like scenarios in which decays of electroweak gauginos to tau leptons are dominant. The search uses a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.2 fb(-1), which was recorded with the CMS detector during 2016 and 2017. No significant excess is observed with respect to the background prediction. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are presented in the top squark and lightest neutralino mass plane within the framework of simplified models, in which top squark masses up to 1100 GeV are excluded for a nearly massless neutralino.Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe