The effective-thickness concept in laminated-glass elements under static loading

Laminated glass is a sandwich element consisting of two or more glass sheets, with one or more interlayers of a polymer such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The static response of sandwich elements such as laminated-glass beams and plates can be modeled using analytical or numerical models in which the glass is usually modeled as linear-elastic and the PVB as linear-viscoelastic material, respectively. As a way to simplify the laminated-glass calculations, the concept of effective thickness has been recently proposed, which allows the calculation of laminated-glass beams as monolithic beams using an apparent or effective thickness. In this work, equations for the effective thickness of laminated-glass beams are derived from the analytical model proposed by Koutsawa and Daya and the results provided by this model are compared with the models of Bennison et al. and Galuppi and Royer-Carfagni. Finally, some static experimental tests were performed on several laminated-glass beams under distributed loading in order to validate the predictions of the model

Evaluation of damping properties of structural glass panes under impact loading

The latest technology and architectural trends have significantly improved the use of a large variety of glass products in construction which, in function of their own characteristocs, allow to design and calculate structural glass elements under safety conditions. This paper presents the evaluation and analysis of the damping properties of rectangular laminated glass plates of 1.938 m x 0.876 m with different thickness depending on the number of PVB interlayers arranged. By means of numerical simulation and experimental verification, using modal analysis, natural frequencies and damping of the glass plates were calculated, both under free boundary conditions and operational conditions for the impact test equipment used in the experimental program, as the European standard UNE-EN 12600:2003 specifies

Caracterización probabilística de vidrio mediante diferentes tipos de ensayos

El vidrio no puede ser tratado como un material estructural convencional desde el punto de vista de la resistencia mecánica. Su naturaleza, como material frágil, junto con la inevitable presencia de microfisuras en su superficie y las consecuencias de accidentes por posibles fallos, exigen métodos rigurosos que garanticen un cálculo seguro de los elementos estructurales de vidrio, cuya resistencia a rotura depende en gran medida del tamaño del elemento y del tipo de carga a la que está sometido. Por lo tanto, su cálculo debe basarse en conceptos probabilísticos y en criterios de mecánica de la fractura, en sustitución de un cálculo convencional de vidrio según tablas deducidas de programas experimentales y posterior aplicación del concepto de tensiones admisibles. Con el fin de analizar y comparar las características mecánicas de vidrios templados, termoendurecidos y recocidos, se realizó un amplio programa experimental de ensayos de flexión a cuatro puntos y de anillos concéntricos de pequeña superficie, seguido de un ajuste de los resultados mediante una función de distribución triparamétrica de Weibull. Glass cannot be handled as a conventional structural material from the point of view of the mechanical strength. Its nature as brittle material, together with the inevitable presence of micro-cracks on its surface and the consequences of eventual failures, demand rigorous methods to achieve a safe design for glass elements, whose stress resistance is very much dependent on the integrity of its surface, element size and loading pattern. Thus, its design must rely on probabilistic concepts and fracture mechanics criteria, substitutive of the conventional glass design based on charts derived from experimental programs and subsequent application of the admissible stress concept. In order to analyze and compare the strength characteristics of tempered, heat-strengthened and annealed glass, a large experimental programme based on four-point bending and coaxial double ring tests was performed and the results were fitted using a three-parameter Weibull cumulative distribution function

Análisis del amortiguamiento en vidrio estructural bajo cargas de impacto

Los últimos avances tecnológicos y las tendencias arquitectónicas actuales han impulsado notablemente el uso de una gran variedad de productos de vidrio en la construcción que, en función de sus propias características, permiten diseñar y calcular elementos estructurales de este material bajo condiciones de seguridad. Este trabajo presenta la evaluación y el análisis de las propiedades de amortiguamiento de placas rectangulares de vidrio laminado de 1938 mm x 876 mm con distinto espesor, según el número de capas intermedias de PVB dispuestas. Mediante simulación numérica por elementos finitos y su posterior comprobación experimental, utilizando análisis modal, se determinaron las frecuencias naturales y el amortiguamiento de las placas de vidrio, tanto en condiciones de contorno libre, como en condiciones operacionales del equipo de ensayos de impacto utilizado en el programa experimental, siguiendo las especificaciones de la norma europea UNE-EN 12600:2003

Sensitization to isothiazolinones in the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC): 2019–2021 epidemiological situation

Background: Current frequency and risk factors for sensitization to methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) in Spain are not well known. Objectives: To study the frequency of sensitization, risk factors and simultaneous sensitization between the four isothiazolinones. Materials and Methods: We analysed all 2019-2021 consecutive patients patch-tested with MI (0.2% aq.), MCI/MI (0.02% aq.), BIT (0.1% pet.) and OIT (0.1% pet) within the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC). Results: A total of 2511 patients were analysed. Frequencies of sensitization were: any isothiazolinone 15.7%, MI 6.8%, MCI/MI 4.8%, BIT 3.5% and OIT 0.5%. MI and MCI/MI sensitization was associated with being occupationally active, hand dermatitis, detergents and age over 40. BIT sensitization was associated with leg dermatitis and age over 40. About one in nine MI-positive patients were positive to BIT, whereas one in five BIT-positive patients were positive to MI. Conclusions: Sensitization to MI, MCI/MI and BIT is still common in Spain, while sensitization to OIT is rare. Currently, sensitization to MI and MCI/MI seems to be occupationally related. Although its origin is unknown, sensitization to BIT is more frequent in patients aged over 40 years. Simultaneous sensitization between MI and BIT is uncommon.The Spanish Registry of Contact Dermatitis (REIDAC) is promoted by the Fundación Piel Sana (Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología), which has received financial support from the Spanish Medicines and Health Products Agency (Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2022/04/11/pdfs/BOE-A-2022-5975.pdf) and Sanofi. The funders were not involved in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis and interpretation of data, preparation, review, approval of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication

El aprendizaje del derecho a través de la realización de debates

Memoria ID-170. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2010-2011.El objetivo principal de este proyecto era conseguir que el estudiante adquiriera una serie de conocimientos a través de la preparación de un debate en el que los diferentes grupos de las diferentes asignaturas defenderían posturas contrapuestas para intentar convencer al resto de sus compañeros o al profesor de que su planteamiento es el más idóneo, no solo por la calidad de los argumentos utilizados sino también por la forma en que los mismos se han expuesto, ya que se habría formado previamente al estudiante en técnicas de expresión oral y de lenguaje verbal y no verbal

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe