34 research outputs found
Reutilizar purines de tambo como oportunidad para reciclar nitrógeno y reducir su impacto ambiental
Los purines de tambo (excretas mezcladas con agua de las instalaciones de ordeñe) se pueden reutilizar en la producción agrícola como reemplazo de los fertilizantes sintéticos. Sin embargo, su alta concentración nitrogenada podría estimular la volatilización de amoníaco (NH3 ) y la emisión de óxido nitroso (N2 O), con consecuencias sobre el calentamiento global. Nuestros objetivos fueron cuantificar las salidas de NH3 y N2 O en un cultivo de maíz fertilizado con purín o urea aplicados superficialmente y relacionar las emisiones de N2 O con los cambios en el contenido de amonio, nitrato y agua del suelo. Se realizó un experimento manipulativo a campo en el que se midieron ambas salidas gaseosas durante una campaña agrícola. El purín estimuló la volatilización de NH3 al día siguiente de la aplicación (2.7±0.25 vs. 1.1±0.25 y 0.6±0.25 kg N-NH3 .ha-1.dia-1 para purín, urea y control, respectivamente), y la emisión directa de N2 O durante los tres días siguientes a la aplicación (75±13 vs. 28±5 y 26±6 µg N-N2 O. m-2.h-1 para purín, urea y control, respectivamente). A partir del cuarto día, la volatilización de NH3 fue mayor con urea y las emisiones de N2 O se equipararon entre tratamientos. La volatilización acumulada durante el ciclo de maíz fue mayor con urea, y la emisión directa de N2 O acumulada fue similar para ambos fertilizantes. Las emisiones de N2 O estuvieron asociadas a la humedad del suelo, que aumentó inicialmente por el agua del purín y luego por las lluvias. Las salidas de NH3 +N2 O de los fertilizantes luego de descontar el control fueron mayores con urea que con purín (10.8±1.2 y 3.1±0.7 kg N/ha o 0.53±0.06 y 0.18±0.04 kg N/t MS), y el rendimiento de maíz fue similar entre tratamientos (19.0±0.7 t MS/ha). Estos resultados muestran que el uso de purines es una práctica promisoria para reducir el impacto ambiental de los fertilizantes sintéticos.Dairy cattle slurry (liquid mixture of manure and water from the milking operation) can be reused for agricultural production in replacement for synthetic fertilizers. However, its high nitrogen (N) concentration could stimulate the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, with consequences for global warming. Our objectives were: to quantify NH3 and N2O loss in maize fertilized with surface-applied dairy cattle slurry or urea, and to relate N2O emission with soil ammonium, nitrate and water contents. We performed a manipulative field experiment where we measured both gaseous losses during an agricultural campaign. Slurry enhanced NH3 volatilization the day after the application (2.7±0.25 vs. 1.1±0.25 and 0.6±0.25 kg N-NH3 .ha-1 .day-1 for slurry, urea and the control, respectively) and direct N2O emission during three days after the application (75±13 vs. 28±5 y 26±6 μg N-N2O .m-2 .h-1 for slurry, urea and the control, respectively). Four days after application, volatilization was higher with urea and N2O emissions were similar between treatments. The loss of NH3 accumulated throughout the maize growing season was higher for urea than for slurry, and the accumulated N2O emission was similar for both fertilizers. Nitrous oxide emissions were related to soil water content, initially introduced with slurry and then with rainfall. The loss of NH3+N2O from the fertilizers after subtracting that of the control, was higher after the application of urea than slurry (10.8±1.2 and 3.1±0.7 kg N/ha or 0.53±0.06 and 0.18±0.04 kg N/t MS), and maize yield was similar for both fertilization treatments (19.0±0.7 t MS/ha). These results show that fertilization with dairy cattle slurry is a promising practice because it has a lower environmental footprint compared to synthetic fertilizers.EEA PergaminoFil: Portela, Silvina Isabel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Araujo, Patricia Inés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio de Suelo; ArgentinaFil: Araujo, Patricia Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Restovich, Silvina B. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Della Chiesa, Tomas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Della Chiesa, Tomas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Catedra de Climatología y Fenología Agrícolas; ArgentinaFil: Ponsa, Juliana M. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Naturales y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Peña Ballesteros, Andrea. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Naturales y Ambientales; Argentin
Síntese e avaliação dos revestimentos base fluoreto utilizando fontes alternativas ao HF sobre a liga dos magnesio Elektron 21 para a fabricação de implantes ortopédicos biodegradáveis
Magnesium has been postulated as an excellent candidate for fabrication of biodegradable implants because of its degradability, biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties comparable to bone’s those. Nevertheless, its high corrosion rate represents a great disadvantage, allowing the approach of modifying its electrochemical behaviour by the design of biodegradable coatings. In this regard, the most common synthesis route employed is chemical conversion in HF (up to 48%v) to produce biodegradable magnesium fluoride coatings. However, it is well known that HF is an extremely hazardous acid. Thus, one of the main targets is to find other alternative routes to avoid its use or, at least, to reduce its concentration. In the present investigation HF(4%v) -NaF and H3PO4-NaF solutions were evaluated as alternatives of the HF route to produce biodegradable coatings on the Elektron 21 magnesium alloy. Characterization of the conversion coatings was carried out by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, whereas their corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical and gravimetric measurements in Hank solution at 37°C. The results showed that the addition of NaF to the reactive solution promotes the formation of a double layer of MgF2-x(OH)x/NaMgF3. The presence of the NaMgF3 prevents the pitting corrosion attack of the coating/alloy system and leads a more uniform degradation mechanism. Particularly, the coating synthesized using H3PO4 1.6%v-NaF 0.5M solution exhibited an excellent electrochemical behaviour, better that obtained employing HF solutions so that, it might be proposed as excellent candidate to replace the HF in the synthesis of biodegradable coatings.Na atualidade, postularam-se ligas de magnésio como uma alternativa promissora na fabricação de implantes biodegradáveis por sua excelente degradabilidade, biocompatibilidade e propriedades mecânicas comparáveis às do osso. No entanto, sua elevada taxa de corrosão precisa a elaboração de revestimentos biodegradáveis, entre os quais destacam-se os sintetizados por conversão química em meio HF (até 48%v). Porém, a utilização deste ácido gera grandes problemas em termos de segurança, pois é altamente tóxico. Isso leva à necessidade de encontrar formas alternativas para substituir o ácido ou limitar sua utilização em pequenas quantidades. Neste trabalho foram avaliados misturas HF (4%v) -NaF e H3PO4-NaF como alternativas ao uso do HF na síntese de recobrimentos biodegradáveis na liga de magnésio Elektron 21. A caracterização microestrutural dos revestimentos foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios X, enquanto a resistência à corrosão foi avaliada por testes electroquímicos e gravimétricos em solução de Hank a 27°C. Os resultados mostraram que na presença de NaF, os recobrimentos sintetizados são constituídos de uma bicamada MgF2-x(OH)x/NaMgF3, onde a presença de NaMgF3 impede a corrosão localizada, causando que a degradação dos revestimentos seja uniforme e progressiva. Especialmente, os recobrimentos sintetizados sob a condição H3PO4 1,6%v-NaF 0,5M mostraram excelente desempenho, superiores aos obtidos com a utilização do HF, portanto são recomendados como excelentes candidatos para a substituição imediata desse ácido.En la actualidad se han postulado las aleaciones de magnesio como una alternativa prometedora en la fabricación de implantes biodegradables debido a su excelente degradabilidad, biocompatibilidad y propiedades mecánicas comparables a las del hueso; sin embargo, su elevada velocidad de corrosión hace necesario el diseño de recubrimientos biodegradables, entre los que se destaca aquellos sintetizados por conversión química en medio HF(hasta 48%v). No obstante, el empleo de este ácido genera grandes problemas en términos de seguridad, ya que es altamente tóxico. Surge entonces la necesidad de hallar vías alternativas que permitan sustituir dicho ácido o limitar su uso a cantidades reducidas. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron mezclas HF (4%v) -NaF y H3PO4-NaF como alternativas al empleo de HF en la síntesis de recubrimientos biodegradables sobre la aleación de magnesio Elektron 21. La caracterización microestructural de los recubrimientos se realizó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido y difracción de rayos X, mientras que la resistencia a la corrosión se evaluó mediante ensayos electroquímicos y gravimétricos en solución Hank a 27°C. Los resultados mostraron que en presencia de NaF, los recubrimientos sintetizados están constituidos por una bicapa MgF2-x(OH)x/NaMgF3, donde la presencia de NaMgF3 evita el ataque localizado por picadura, haciendo que el proceso de degradación de los recubrimientos sea uniforme y progresivo. Particularmente, los recubrimientos sintetizados bajo la condición H3PO4 1,6%v-NaF 0,5M mostraron un excelente comportamiento, superior a los obtenidos con el empleo de HF, por lo que se postulan como excelentes candidatos para el reemplazo inmediato de este ácido
Plasticity in dendroclimatic response across the distribution range of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)
We investigated the variability of the climate-growth relationship of Aleppo pine across its distribution range in the Mediterranean Basin. We constructed a network of tree-ring index chronologies from 63 sites across the region. Correlation function analysis identified the relationships of tree-ring index to climate factors for each site. We also estimated the dominant climatic gradients of the region using principal component analysis of monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperature and total precipitation from 1,068 climatic gridpoints. Variation in ring width index was primarily related to precipitation and secondarily to temperature. However, we found that the dendroclimatic relationship depended on the position of the site along the climatic gradient. In the southern part of the distribution range, where temperature was generally higher and precipitation lower than the regional average, reduced growth was also associated with warm and dry conditions. In the northern part, where the average temperature was lower and the precipitation more abundant than the regional average, reduced growth was associated with cool conditions. Thus, our study highlights the substantial plasticity of Aleppo pine in response to different climatic conditions. These results do not resolve the source of response variability as being due to either genetic variation in provenance, to phenotypic plasticity, or a combination of factors. However, as current growth responses to inter-annual climate variability vary spatially across existing climate gradients, future climate-growth relationships will also likely be determined by differential adaptation and/or acclimation responses to spatial climatic variation. The contribution of local adaptation and/or phenotypic plasticity across populations to the persistence of species under global warming could be decisive for prediction of climate change impacts across populations. In this sense, a more complex forest dynamics modeling approach that includes the contribution of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity can improve the reliability of the ecological inferences derived from the climate-growth relationships.This work was partially supported by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science co-funded by FEDER program (CGL2012-31668), the European Union and the National Ministry of Education and Religion of Greece (EPEAEK- Environment – Archimedes), the Slovenian Research Agency (program P4-0015), and the USDA Forest Service. The cooperation among international partners was supported by the COST Action FP1106, STREeSS
The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)
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The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)
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The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library
Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data
The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data
This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys
The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library
Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data
Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe
We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July