Türk Mutfağı’nda Kahvaltıda Tüketilen Çorbalar ve İllere Göre Dağılımı

Çorba, sağlık açısından yararlı bir yemek türüdür. Birçoğunun et suyu ile hazırlanıp terbiye edilmesi nedeniyle besin değeri yüksektir. Tarihte çorba, Farsça “şuraba”dan gelme olup, tuzlu şey demek olan “şur” ile aş karşılığı olan “aba”nın birleşmesinden meydana gelmiştir ve günümüzde “çorba” olarak ifade edilmektedir. Ayrıca çorbanın tarihinin geçmişe dayandığına dair tarihte birçok metin bulunmaktadır. Türk mutfağında çorbanın yeri diğer mutfaklara göre daha farklıdır. Batı ülkelerinde iştah açıcı ve ana yemek olarak tüketilen çorbalar, genellikle Türk mutfağının girişini oluşturmakla birlikte, geleneksel mutfak kültüründe üç öğünde yer alabilen bir yemek çeşididir. Besleyici ve doyurucu özellikleri nedeniyle Anadolu’da hâlâ özellikle kışın sabah kahvaltısında tüketilmektedir.Türkler, mutfak konusunda zengin bir kültüre sahiptirler. Bu kültür içerinde çorbalar dikkate değerdir. Türk mutfağının uzun tarihi geçmişi ve mutfak kültürünün etkileşim içerisinde olduğu geniş coğrafya neticesinde oldukça çeşitli ve farklı özelliklerde çorbalar barındırması önemli görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk mutfağında geçmişten günümüze değin önemli bir yere sahip olan çorbaların kahvaltıda tüketimlerini ve kısa tariflerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, Türk mutfağında kahvaltı kültürü ile kahvaltıda tüketilen çorbalar yazılı ve sözlü kaynaklardan derlenerek hazırlanmıştır.Elde edilen bilgiler ile çorbalar ve tüketildikleri iller alfabetik olarak sıralanmıştır. Bu çorbalar sırasıyla; Acı, Arabaşı, Arpacık, Ayranlı Yarma, Baklalı Yarma, Buğday, Bulamaç, Bulgur, Çatal, Dil-Paça, Düğ Düğürcük Aşı , Düğün, Ekmek, Ekşili, Ezogelin, Gebol, Girar, Golva, Hamur, Helle, Hörre Aşı, İnce Bulgur Haşılı, İrinti, İşkembe, Kabaklı, Kara Aş Buğday , Kara Lahana, Kavurmalı, Kavut, Kelle Paça Kesme, Kızılcık, Lepe, Lor, Malak, Mercimek Malhıta , Mercimek Herlesi Toplu Çorba , Mercimekli Erişte, Mısır, Miyane Un Kavurma Herlesi , Onbeş, Ölemez, Pancar, Pirinç, Puşruk, Sakala Çarpan, Soğanlı, Sulu Pilav, Süt, Sütlü Pirinç , Sütlü Bulamaç, Sütlü Gendim, Sütlü Göce, Sütlü Yarma, Şehriye, Tandır, Tarhana, Toğa, Turşu Fasulye , Ufalamaç, Uğmaç Ovmaç , Ürün, Yağlaş, Yeşil Mercimek, Yayla, Yoğurt lu Çorbası, Yoğurtlu Mantı ve Yoğurtlu Taze Fasulye çorbasıdır. Ayrıca çalışmada bu çorbaların karakterlerini ortaya koyacak biçimde kısaca tarifleri verilmiştir. Yörelere göre kahvaltıda tüketilen çorbaların dağılımını gösterebilmek için ise bir harita oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkiye’de tarhana başta olmak üzere mercimekli, unlu, yoğurtlu, sütlü, bulgurlu, hamurlu çorbalar ile kelle paça çorbasının kahvaltıda yaygın olarak tüketildiği görülmektedir

ILGIN MUTFAK KÜLTÜRÜ VE YEMEKLERİ

Canlıların birinci ihtiyaçları beslenmektir. Dolayısıyla insanların doğumdan ölüme kadar beslenmek zorunda olmaları, ilk çağlardan beri yemekle ilgili bir takım kurallar geliştirmelerine neden olmuştur. Bu kurallar, zamanla toplumların kendi yapı ve değerleri ile ilgili gelenek ve görenekleriyle bütünleşip, o toplumlara özgü mutfak kültürünü yaratmıştır. Mutfak dediğimiz şey insanlığın ilk ortaya çıkmasından günümüze kadar değişen, gelişen ve sentezlenen bir olgudur. Ayrıca yemek yeme eylemi hem biyolojik, hem kültürel hem de psikolojik bir sürecin ürünüdür. Bu üç boyutlu ihtiyacın sonucunda mutfak geleneği hem sürekli değişen, hem de sürekli karmaşık bir hal alan ama aynı zamanda da kültürleri birbirinden kısmen ayırmaya yardım eden önemli bir kültürel ağdır. Yemek kültürü bir toplumda yiyeceğin üretiminden tüketimine kadar izlediği süreç ve bu sürece bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan maddi, manevi kültürel öğelerin oluşturduğu önemli bir kültürel sistemdir. Dünya mutfakları arasında Türk mutfağı dikkat çeken bir konumdadır. Nitekim hem Orta Asya’dan günümüze uzun bir tarihsel geçmişe; hem de oldukça geniş bir coğrafyanın ürünüdür.Bu çalışmanın amacı, Konya’nın kuzey batısında yer alan Ilgın ilçesinin mutfak kültürü ve yemeklerini kuramsal açıdan, günlük öğünlerde; geçiş dönemlerinde doğumdan ölüme kadar ; kutsal ve neşeli günlerde, istek/dilek sofralarında yapılan yemek alışkanlıklarının eskiden ve günümüzde neler olduğunu; ayrıca kışlık yiyecekler; sofra düzenleri; pişirme yöntemleri; servis düzenleri; içecekler; yemeklerini çorbalardan tatlılara kadar saptamak suretiyle tanıtmak ve yazılı kayıtlara geçirilerek kaybolmasını önlemektir.Çalışma nitel bir araştırmadır; Ilgın mutfak kültürü ve yemekleri, bölge kültürünü temsil eden 50 yaş ve üzeri 11 kaynak kişi ile yüz yüze görüşülerek derlenmiştir. Çalışmada mutfak araçları, mutfak mimarisi ve yemek tarifleri kapsam dışı bırakılmıştır. Ilgın yöresinin kışlık ve yazlık öğünleri; doğumdan ölüme kadarki geçiş dönemlerindeki yeme içmeyle ilişkili ritüelleri; dilek istek sofraları; dini gün ve bayramlarında tüketilen yiyecek ve içecekler; kışlık besinler; yemekler ve tarifleri sistematik bir şekilde aktarılmıştır. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda daha fazla kaynak kişi ile görüşülerek bilgilerin derinleştirilmesi; bu bilgi birikimiyle görseller üretilmesi; tariflerin birçoğunun uygulanarak standartlaştırılması ve diğer disiplinlere de hizmet edebilmesi amacıyla besin değerlerinin hesaplanması önerilmektedir

Development of a novel biofilm classification tool and comparative analysis of result interpretation methodologies for the evaluation of biofilm forming capacity of bacteria using tissue culture plate method

Aim To develop an online biofilm calculation tool (Biofilm Classifier), which calculates the optical density cut off value and accordingly determines the biofilm forming categories for the tested isolates by standardized formulas, as well as to compare the results obtained by Biofilm Classifier to manual calculations and the use of predefined values. Methods The biofilm forming capacity of tested strains was evaluated using tissue culture plate method in 96 well plates, and optical density (OD) value of the formed biofilm was measured on an ELISA Microplate reader at 595 nm on a total of 551 bacterial isolates from clinical specimen. Results Comparative analysis indicated that the manual calculation was 100% in accordance with results obtained by the designed software as opposed to the results obtained by use of predefined values for biofilm categorization. When using predefined values compared to manual biofilm categorization for the determination of biofilm positive and biofilm negative strains the specificity was 100%, sensitivity 97.81%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 96.04% and accuracy 98.57%. Conclusion Considering obtained results, the use of the designed online calculator would simplify the interpretation of biofilm forming capacity of bacteria using tissue culture plate method

Evaluation of the presence of SARS-COV-2 in the vaginal fluid of reproductive-aged women

Objectives: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mainly transmitted through respiration and direct contact. The status of the infection in the female genital system is still unknown. The study aimed to evaluate whether SARS-CoV-2 is present in the vaginal fluid of women with COVID-19 infection in reproductive period.Material and methods: Women who were between the ages of 18–50 years and clinically confirmed to have COVID-19 infection at our hospital between 20 April–31 May 2020 were included in the study. Women who were in their menstrual cycle during the study and who had a known cervical intraepithelial lesion and/or cancer, sexually transmitted disease and history and/or symptoms of vaginitis were excluded from the study. In patients in whom no pathology was detected during the examination, a sample was taken from the vaginal fluid for PCR by using Dacron tip swab. Analysis was performed with Genesig Real-Time PCR COVID-19 kit (Primer Design, England).Results: Eighteen women who were in reproductive period and diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 38.16 ± 8.54. None of the patients were in their menopause period. The clinical symptoms of these women were similar to those of confirmed severe COVID-19 cases. SARS-CoV-2 was found to be negative in the samples taken from the vaginal fluid in all patients.Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detected in the vaginal fluid of the patients who tested positive for COVID-19 in reproductive period

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Diagnosis of comorbid migraine without aura in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy based on the gray zone approach to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 criteria

BackgroundMigraine without aura (MwoA) is a very frequent and remarkable comorbidity in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy (I/GE). Frequently in clinical practice, diagnosis of MwoA may be challenging despite the guidance of current diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3). In this study, we aimed to disclose the diagnostic gaps in the diagnosis of comorbid MwoA, using a zone concept, in patients with I/GEs with headaches who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert.MethodsIn this multicenter study including 809 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of I/GE with or without headache, 163 patients who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert as having a comorbid MwoA were reevaluated. Eligible patients were divided into three subgroups, namely, full diagnosis, zone I, and zone II according to their status of fulfilling the ICHD-3 criteria. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was performed to bring out the meaningful predictors when evaluating patients with I/GEs for MwoA comorbidity, using the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis.ResultsLonger headache duration (&lt;4 h) followed by throbbing pain, higher visual analog scale (VAS) scores, increase of pain by physical activity, nausea/vomiting, and photophobia and/or phonophobia are the main distinguishing clinical characteristics of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GE, for being classified in the full diagnosis group. Despite being not a part of the main ICHD-3 criteria, the presence of associated symptoms mainly osmophobia and also vertigo/dizziness had the distinguishing capability of being classified into zone subgroups. The most common epilepsy syndromes fulfilling full diagnosis criteria (n = 62) in the CART analysis were 48.39% Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy followed by 25.81% epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone.ConclusionLonger headache duration, throbbing pain, increase of pain by physical activity, photophobia and/or phonophobia, presence of vertigo/dizziness, osmophobia, and higher VAS scores are the main supportive associated factors when applying the ICHD-3 criteria for the comorbid MwoA diagnosis in patients with I/GEs. Evaluating these characteristics could be helpful to close the diagnostic gaps in everyday clinical practice and fasten the diagnostic process of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GEs