Determinação do índice de velocidade de germinação e dos parâmetros genéticos de sementes de Bacaba em diferentes substratos na Amazônia oriental/ Determination of the germination speed index and genetic parameters of Bacaba seeds on different substrates in the eastern Amazon

A bacaba alcança um grande potencial socioeconômico especialmente para as populações tradicionais da região amazônica, devido ser bastante utilizada na alimentação, pela população local. Assim, os objetivos consistiram em avaliar o desenvolvimento da germinação da semente de bacaba em diferentes substratos com proporções de serragem, caroço de açaí, algodão, filtro (de café) no IVE (Índice de Velocidade Emergência) observando sua velocidade na no processo de emergência. O estudo foi conduzido no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, contendo cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 25 sementes por cada bandeja, sendo utilizado os substratos, como tratamentos: tratamento 1 - 50% caroço de açaí decomposto + 50% de serragem, tratamento 2 - 100% serragem, tratamento 3 - 100% caroço de açaí, tratamento 4 - 100% algodão, tratamento 5 - 100% filtro de café. Para avaliação foram consideradas as sementes germinadas primeiro, considerando as características de índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e porcentagem de emergência (%). O substrato caroço de açaí é mais apropriado para obtenção de maior velocidade de emergência. Para o índice de porcentagem de emergência a melhor combinação de substrato foi serragem como indicado pelo tratamento dois

O milho (zea mays ) consorciado com mandioca (manihot esculenta) em área de capoeira baixa: uma praxe de pequenos agricultores da BR-422, transcametá/limoeiro do Ajuru, que leva em consideração o número de grãos por cova / Corn (zea mays) intercropped with cassava (manihot esculenta) in an area of low capoeira: a practice of small farmers of BR-422, transcametá / lemon of Ajuru, which takes into account the number of grains per pit

Cientificamente conhecido como Zea mays, pertencente à família das Poáceas (gramíneas), o milho é hoje um dos grãos mais expressivo para o agronegócio do país juntamente com a mandioca que figura como uma importante cultura que contribui significativamente para a segurança e a soberania alimentar do país. Tendo em vista a importância da pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar o melhor método de semeio deste grão, levando-se em consideração o número de sementes por cova em consórcio com a mandioca, Manihot esculenta, assim como a utilização do melhor espaçamento para esta cultura na região do Baixo Tocantins. Sendo assim, adotou-se o sistema de plantio manual, sistema este bastante utilizada pelos agricultores mais humildes dessa região, já que a maioria destes não possuem condições de mecanizar o plantio e nem de prover a adubação  para melhor potencializar a sua produção, mantendo-se, propositalmente tais condições para que a pesquisa pudesse demonstrar a realidade de cultivo nesse tipo de área já utilizada anteriormente, isto é, capoeira remanescente. O referido experimento foi iniciado em 08/01/2016, início das chuvas nessa região, e finalizado em 01/05/2016. O melhor resultado foi apresentado pelo stand que continha três sementes por cova, pois duas dessas sementes conseguiram brotar e se desenvolver, ou seja, dois terços, conseguindo completar o seu ciclo fenológico. 

Selectivity of Herbicide 2,4-D, Isolated and In Association, In Pre-Emergency in Culture of Açaí

With the growth of acai planted areas, further studies on herbicides are needed in this palm tree of great potential. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the 2,4-D herbicide applied in pre-emergence, isolated, and in association, with acai seedlings. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 replications. Increasing doses of 2,4-D isolated (502.5, 1,005 and 2,010 g e a ha) and associated with picloram (960 g e. a ha), triclopyr (960 g e. a ha) were applied as treatments. and glyphosate (1,110 g e. a ha), one more control without application. At 3,7,14,21,28 and 35 DAA, the percentage of phytointoxication, height (cm), and the number of leaves of the acai seedlings were determined. At the end of the evaluations (35 DAA), the 2,4-D isolated applications obtained the best results, with low phytointoxication visual percentage, higher plants, and a larger number of leaves, showing selective culture. However, the association of the 2,4-D herbicides with picloram, in all doses used, had negative effects on the evaluated parameters, evidencing the non-selectivity of the acai berry crop

Avaliação de matrizes de Inajá pela analise descritiva de coletas realizadas em cinco Municípios do Nordeste Paraense / Evaluation of Inajá matrices by descriptive analysis of collections carried out in five Municipalities of Northeastern Pará

O inajazeiro (Maximiliana maripa) é uma palmeira, nativa do estado do Pará, possuindo frutos com polpa comestível e amêndoas ricas em óleo vegetal, com potencial de utilização nas indústrias alimentícias, cosméticas e mercado de biocombustíveis. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar e avaliar germoplasma de inajazeiro do nordeste paraense. As coletas foram realizadas em cinco localidades do Nordeste Paraense, no período de 2009 a 2012. Foi avaliado a população e as matrizes fornecedoras do material em estudo, com base em 17 caracteres, sete relativos à planta, cinco ao fruto e cinco aos caracteres agronômicos. As análises descritivas foram realizadas por meio das estimativas dos parâmetros populacionais (média, desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação) para cada caráter, e obtidas no programa GENES. Enquanto a distribuição de frequência foi realizada no software MINITAB 14.0. Os locais apresentaram variação, com relação à caracterização das matrizes no que diz respeito aos caracteres relativos à planta as maiores medias foram apresentadas na população de Capitão Poço para os caracteres CAP, AE, CEN, CRF, para os demais caracteres da planta as maiores médias ocorreram nas matrizes das populações de Cametá, para NF e de São João de Pirabas para CF e LF. No que diz respeito aos frutos as maiores medias foram registradas nas matrizes de Cametá para os caracteres DTF, EP, ES e PF sendo seguido por Capitão Poço com o caráter DLF. Em relação aos caracteres agronômicos as maiores médias foram registradas para os municípios de Capitão Poço e Cametá. No que tange as correlações, os caracteres da planta apresentaram pouca relação entre si, podendo-se destacar apenas as correlações altas e positivas entre CAP e os caracteres CEN e NF. No caso das correlações entre os caracteres de frutos e agronômicos foram detectadas magnitudes altas e positivas entre vários caracteres principalmente envolvendo PF, destacando-se PF x EP; PF x NFC e PF x NC, assim como entre o DTF x EP e CC x CIRC. Para a maioria das distribuições de frequências houve uma tendência de normalidade, principalmente para os caracteres de frutos e agronômicos. Os locais de ocorrência das matrizes variaram apenas no que diz respeito a condição de luz, ocorrendo em locais sombreados e a pleno sol. Levando-se em consideração a produção de frutos as melhores matrizes foram encontradas nos municípios de Capitão Poço e Cametá. Houve correlações altas e positivas para caracteres relacionados à planta, fruto e agronômicos. Apresentando tendência de normalidade para a maioria das distribuições de frequência principalmente para os caracteres de frutos e agronômicos.   

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2•72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2•66–2•79) in 2000 to 2•31 (2•17–2•46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134•5 million (131•5–137•8) in 2000 to a peak of 139•6 million (133•0–146•9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135•3 million (127•2–144•1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2•1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27•1% (95% UI 26•4–27•8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67•2 years (95% UI 66•8–67•6) in 2000 to 73•5 years (72•8–74•3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50•7 million (49•5–51•9) in 2000 to 56•5 million (53•7–59•2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9•6 million (9•1–10•3) in 2000 to 5•0 million (4•3–6•0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25•7%, from 6•2 billion (6•0–6•3) in 2000 to 7•7 billion (7•5–8•0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58•6 years (56•1–60•8) in 2000 to 63•5 years (60•8–66•1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk�outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk�outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk�outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95 uncertainty interval UI 9·51�12·1) deaths (19·2% 16·9�21·3 of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12�9·31) deaths (15·4% 14·6�16·2 of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253�350) DALYs (11·6% 10·3�13·1 of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0�9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10�24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25�49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50�74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity