Intervención educativa sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en adolescentes de nivel preuniversitario

Introducción: La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, es un problema de salud en el mundo. En Cuba existen avances, se ha eliminado la transmisión prenatal desde el año 2013, aunque no se logra erradicar la epidemia. Objetivo: Implementar una intervención educativa sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en estudiantes de preuniversitario. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención educativa en el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano ¨República de Indonesia¨ en Guanajay, Artemisa. El universo fueron 343 estudiantes y de forma aleatoria se seleccionó una muestra de 60. Se aplicó un cuestionario para determinar el conocimiento sobre el agente causal, las vías de transmisión; las conductas de riesgo y las fuentes de información, antes y después de la intervención educativa. El programa educativo se realizó a través de conferencias, talleres y cine debate.  Se utilizó la prueba estadística de Wilconxon para muestras relacionadas. Resultados: Predominó el género femenino en el 66.66 % y el grado de escolaridad onceno en el 58.33 %. Antes de la intervención el 61.33 % no conocían el agente causal, después se revirtió en un 75 %; en relación a las vías de transmisión el 86.66 % no las dominaban, invirtiéndose en el 70 %. Acerca de las medidas de prevención existió desconocimiento en el 88.33 %, modificándose en un 33.33 % y las conductas de riesgo se desconocían el 11.66 %, después se invirtió en un 81.66 %. Conclusiones: El programa de intervención educativa permite elevar los conocimientos sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en los adolescentes

Educative Intervention about Human Immunodeficiency Virus in adolescents of Senior High School level

Introducción:La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, es un problema de salud en el mundo. En Cuba existen avances, se ha eliminado la transmisión prenatal desde el año 2013, aunque no se logra erradicar la epidemia.Objetivo: Implementar una intervención educativa sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en estudiantes de preuniversitario. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención educativa en el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano ¨República de Indonesia¨ en Guanajay, Artemisa. El universo fueron 343 estudiantes y de forma aleatoria se seleccionó una muestra de 60. Se aplicó un cuestionario para determinar el conocimiento sobre el agente causal, las vías de transmisión; las conductas de riesgo y las fuentes de información, antes y después de la intervención educativa. El programa educativo se realizó a través de conferencias, talleres y cine debate.  Se utilizó la prueba estadística de Wilconxon para muestras relacionadas. Resultados:Predominó el género femenino en el 66.66 % y el grado de escolaridad onceno en el 58.33 %. Antes de la intervención el 61.33 % no conocían el agente causal, después se revirtió en un 75 %; en relación a las vías de transmisión el 86.66 % no las dominaban, invirtiéndose en el 70 %. Acerca de las medidas de prevención existió desconocimiento en el 88.33 %, modificándose en un 33.33 % y las conductas de riesgo se desconocían el 11.66 %, después se invirtió en un 81.66 %.Conclusiones: El programa de intervención educativa permite elevar los conocimientos sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en los adolescentes.Introduction:Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a health problem worldwide. In Cuba there are advances, prenatal transmission has been eliminated since 2013, although the eradication of the epidemics has not been achieved.Objective: To implement an educative intervention about Human Immunodeficiency Virus in adolescents of Senior High School level. Methods: An educative intervention was carried out at ¨República de Indonesia¨ urban Senior High School in Guanajay, Artemisa. The universe was formed by 343 students and a sample of 60 was selected at random. A questionnaire was applied to determine the knowledge about the causal agent, the ways of transmission; risk behaviors and the sources of information, before and after the educative intervention. The educative syllabus was performed by lectures, workshops and film debates. Wilconxon statistical test was used for related samples. Results:Female gender prevailed in a 66.66 % and eleventh grade in the 58.33 %. Before the intervention, the 61.33 % did not know the causal agent, afterwards, it was inverted in a 75 %; in relation to the ways of transmission, the 86.66 % did not manage them, been reversed in a 70 %. About the ways of prevention, there was no knowledge in the 88.33 %, but it was changed in the 33.33 %, the risk behaviors were unknown in an 11.66 % and after the intervention, there was a 81.66 %.Conclusions: The educative intervention syllabus allows to increase knowledge about Human Immunodeficiency Virus in adolescents

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA DE INGLÉS 3

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL INGLÉS 1

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

Dynamics on multiple timescales in the RNA-directed RNA polymerase from the cystovirus ϕ6

The de novo initiating RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP), P2, forms the central machinery in the infection cycle of the bacteriophage ϕ6 by performing the dual tasks of replication and transcription of the double-stranded RNA genome in the host cell. By measurement and quantitative analysis of multiple-quantum spin-relaxation data for the δ1 positions of Ile residues that are distributed over the 3D-fold of P2, we find that the enzyme is dynamic both on the fast (ps–ns) and slow (µs–ms) timescales. The characteristics of several motional modes including those that coincide with the catalytic timescale (500–800/s) are altered in the presence of substrate analogs and single-stranded RNA templates. These studies reveal the plasticity of this finely tuned molecular machine and represent a first step towards linking structural information available from a host of crystal structures to catalytic mechanisms and timescales obtained from the measurements of kinetics for homologous systems in solution

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children

In the past 30 years there have been major improvements in the care of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, most of the available epidemiological data stem from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) registries and information on the earlier stages of pediatric CKD is still limited. The median reported incidence of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children aged 0–19 years across the world in 2008 was 9 per million of the age-related population (4–18 years). The prevalence of RRT in 2008 ranged from 18 to 100 per million of the age-related population. Congenital disorders, including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and hereditary nephropathies, are responsible for about two thirds of all cases of CKD in developed countries, while acquired causes predominate in developing countries. Children with congenital disorders experience a slower progression of CKD than those with glomerulonephritis, resulting in a lower proportion of CAKUT in the ESRD population compared with less advanced stages of CKD. Most children with ESRD start on dialysis and then receive a transplant. While the survival rate of children with ERSD has improved, it remains about 30 times lower than that of healthy peers. Children now mainly die of cardiovascular causes and infection rather than from renal failure

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges