Spousal Control and Efficiency of Intra-Household Decision Making: Experiments among Married Couples in India, Ethiopia and Nigeria

We examine whether the nature of gender relations matters for the effects on household efficiency of exogenous variation in spousal control over the intra-household allocation of resources. Experiments testing for efficiency were conducted among married couples in eight sites representing a range of conjugal cultures: from an extreme form of separate spheres in northern Nigeria to (male) centralised control in North India, along with a variety of intermediate cases. Inefficiency is widespread, varies greatly and tends to be lower when wives control the allocation. The exception is a site in northern Nigeria where female control over resources is well established.JEL Classification Codes: D13, J12, J16, O15http://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/munro_alistair

Behavioural difficulties that co-occur with specific word reading difficulties: A UK population-based cohort study

Open access articleThis is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Russell, G., Ryder, D., Norwich, B., and Ford, T. (2015), Behavioural Difficulties That Co-occur With Specific Word Reading Difficulties: A UK Population- Based Cohort Study. Dyslexia, 21, 123–141, which has been published in final form at 10.1002/dys.1496This study aimed to examine the association between specific word reading difficulties (SWRD) identified at age 7-years using a discrepancy approach and subsequent dimensional measures of behavioural difficulties reported by teachers and parents at age 11-years. Behavioural problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Secondary analysis of a UK representative population-based sample of children (n-=-12-631) was conducted using linear regression models. There were 284 children (2.2%) identified with SWRD at age 7-years. Children with SWRD had significantly higher scores on all measures of behavioural difficulties in unadjusted analysis. SWRD was associated with elevated behavioural difficulties at age 11-years according to parent report, and with greater emotional problems, hyperactivity and conduct issues according to teachers, even after having controlled for baseline difficulties. These results were replicated for children with low reading attainment, but no cognitive ability discrepancy. Categories of special educational need into which children with SWRD were classed at school were varied. Given high rates of co-occurring behavioural difficulties, assessment that identifies each individual child's specific functional, rather than categorical, difficulties is likely to be the most effective way of providing classroom support.Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Norwich University Record.

A magazine intended for the alumni and friends of Norwich University.Size varies.Numbers 1 and 2 in the series were issued as Catalogue 1907-08 and Roster 1819-1907.A magazine intended for the alumni and friends of Norwich University.Mode of access: Internet.Issued by: The Public Relations Office, Norwich University

Industrial concentration and market integration in the European Union

SIGLEAvailable from UuStB Koeln(38)-981102620 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Industrial concentration and endogenous sunk costs in the European Union

SIGLEUuStB Koeln(38)-961102380 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Industrial concentration and market integration in the European Union

'Building on the new theory of industrial structure (Sutton, 1991), we estimate a model that distinguishes whether the EU or individual member states are the relevant market in terms of competition and the formation of industrial structure. The basic idea is that if competition acts at the EU level, then EU market size will be a better predictor of concentration than is national size; and if competition acts at a national level, the reverse will hold, Estimation uses concentration data from the largest member states (Germany, France, Italy, and UK) and the overall EU. The results support the new theory of industrial structure, and suggest that about half of all manufacturing industries in the EU still competed at the national level in 1987, though this differed according to member state and, especially, the use of endogenous fixed costs.' (author's abstract)Gestuetzt auf die neue Theorie der Industriestruktur (Sutton, 1991) wird ein Modell geschaetzt, dass die Unterscheidung zulaesst, ob der relevante Markt und die Bildung der Industriestruktur innerhalb der EU oder innerhalb der einzelnen Mitgliedslaender ihren Schwerpunkt haben. Der Grundgedanke geht davon aus, dass im Falle sich der Wettbewerb auf der EU-Ebene abspielt, dann die EU-Marktgroesse ein besserer Praediktor der Konzentration waere als die nationale Marktgroesse, und, wenn der Wettbewerb sich auf nationaler Ebene abspielt, dann gilt das Umgekehrte. Die Schaetzungen basieren auf Konzentrationsdaten der groessten Mitgliedslaender (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und Grossbritannien) und der gesamten EU. Die Ergebnisse stuetzen die neue Theorie der Industriestruktur und deuten darauf hin, dass etwa die Haelfte aller Industrien des verarbeitenden Gewerbes in der EU im Jahre 1987 noch auf nationaler Ebene im Wettbewerb stand, obwohl es hier Unterschiede hinsichtlich einzelner Mitgliedslaender gibt, insbesondere wenn endogene Fixkosten beruecksichtigt werden. (HH)German title: Industrielle Konzentration und Marktintegration in der Europaeischen UnionAvailable from UuStB Koeln(38)-981102620 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Direct3D as a rendering platform for virtual environments

Produced by the Ethos Project Partners. Revised edition of May 1999 orig. Prepared for European Commission's Telematics Applications ProgrammeAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:m00/39436 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Texture mapping for virtual environments

Produced by the ETHOS Project Partners. Amended version of May 1999 orig. Prepared for European Commission's Telematics Applications ProgrammeAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:m00/39435 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo