Dual citizenship and the perceived loyalty of immigrants

This survey experiment examined national majority group members' reactions to immigrants' citizenship status with a focus on dual citizenship. A sample of 779 participants (n(Finland) = 174; n(Netherlands) = 377; n(Germany) = 228) was used to examine whether immigrants' citizenship status affects trust towards immigrants, willingness to accept immigrants in strategic positions, and support for immigrants' social influence in society. Perceived group loyalties were expected to mediate these relationships. Compared to national citizens, dual citizens were perceived as having lower national loyalty and higher foreign loyalty. Compared to foreign citizens, dual citizens were perceived to have higher national loyalty but equally high foreign loyalty. Higher national loyalty was further associated with higher trust, acceptance, and support, whereas higher foreign loyalty was associated with lower trust, acceptance, and support. These findings are discussed in relation to societal debates on dual citizenship and the limited social psychological research on this topic.Peer reviewe

Disentangling national and religious identification as predictors of support for religious minority rights among Christian majority groups

It is often assumed that, in Western societies, Christian values are embedded in national identities, yet, the association between religious identities and prejudice has seldom been studied in parallel to national identity. According to both the social identity theory approach and integrated threat theory, group identification is important for perceiving threats and expressing corresponding attitudes. Nevertheless, their independent roles on intergroup outcomes have often been ignored, although they are two of the most salient and important identities when considering support for religious minority rights. We address this gap in research by looking at the associations of religious identity with support for religious minority rights in general and Muslims in particular in parallel to national identity through diversity threat. This study was conducted among the members of majority groups in four Western countries: Australia, Finland, Germany, and Norway (N = 1,532), all of which are characterised as traditionally Christian. We found that a higher religious identification was associated with greater support for religious minority rights in general and for those of Muslims in particular, while national identification had no direct association with support for either groups' religious rights. However, both group identifications were also associated with heightened perceived diversity threat, which in turn, predicted reluctance to support religious minority rights. This demonstrates the dual role that religious identities may play in intergroup relations.Peer reviewe

The Attitudes of Deconverted and Lifelong Atheists Towards Religious Groups : The Role of Religious and Spiritual Identity

Increasing atheism, or the view that there is no God, is a major trend affecting the Western religious landscape. Scholarly interest in atheists has grown together with their number, but unanswered questions abound. In this study, we present survey data (N = 758) collected from deconverted and lifelong atheists in four countries (Australia, Finland, Germany, and Norway), and investigate the relationships between deconversion, religious identity, spiritual identity, and interreligious attitudes. We show that retaining a low level of religious or spiritual identity is more typical for deconverts than life-long atheists. Furthermore, we demonstrate that higher religious or spiritual identity among deconverts is associated with more positive attitudes toward different religious groups (national religious majority, religious minorities in general, and Muslims specifically).Peer reviewe

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

Erhöhung des Formfaktors in der Filamentextrusion durch die Entwicklung modifizierter Kapillaren

In the textile industry, more than 20 % of the obtained revenue goes back to product innovations. Here, an intensified use of fibers with a noncircular cross-section is observed. Compared to round fibers, noncircular fibers enable a targeted functionalization of textiles due to their increased surface area, notches or cavities. In particular, for noncircular fibers, the development of spinning nozzles is very time consuming. This goes back to the die swell effect as for which the relaxation of the polymer at the die exit leads to a low conformity between the desired and the realized cross-sectional shape. Therefore, multiple iteration steps are necessary to obtain the geometry of the capillaries of the spinning nozzle. Hence, the production of individual shaped fibers is inefficient and limits the degree of innovation of fiber and textile producers. The aim of this work is to reduce the time for spinneret development for novel fiber geometries. The approach is to manufacture capillaries with uniformly in-creasing cross-sections. Therefore, the relaxation of the polymer, which leads to the die swell, is shifted into the capillary. The stress reduction is controlled. Thus, the resulting fiber cross section can be traced back to the capillary geometry. Within the scope of this work, the influencing factors on the shape formation in the extrusion of noncircular fibers under variation of polymer types and process parameters are investigated. Modified capillaries with different expansion lengths and angles are developed in the sense of a statistical design of experiments. The shape factor of the extruded filaments is quantified by developing a geometry-independent, partially automated shape factor determination method. The capillary modification, the shape factor determination method as well as knitted fabrics made of cruciform filaments are evaluated technologically and economically from a product, process and application point of view

Erhöhung des Formfaktors in der Filamentextrusion durch die Entwicklung modifizierter Kapillaren

In the textile industry, more than 20 % of the obtained revenue goes back to product innovations. Here, an intensified use of fibers with a noncircular cross-section is observed. Compared to round fibers, noncircular fibers enable a targeted functionalization of textiles due to their increased surface area, notches or cavities. In particular, for noncircular fibers, the development of spinning nozzles is very time consuming. This goes back to the die swell effect as for which the relaxation of the polymer at the die exit leads to a low conformity between the desired and the realized cross-sectional shape. Therefore, multiple iteration steps are necessary to obtain the geometry of the capillaries of the spinning nozzle. Hence, the production of individual shaped fibers is inefficient and limits the degree of innovation of fiber and textile producers. The aim of this work is to reduce the time for spinneret development for novel fiber geometries. The approach is to manufacture capillaries with uniformly in-creasing cross-sections. Therefore, the relaxation of the polymer, which leads to the die swell, is shifted into the capillary. The stress reduction is controlled. Thus, the resulting fiber cross section can be traced back to the capillary geometry. Within the scope of this work, the influencing factors on the shape formation in the extrusion of noncircular fibers under variation of polymer types and process parameters are investigated. Modified capillaries with different expansion lengths and angles are developed in the sense of a statistical design of experiments. The shape factor of the extruded filaments is quantified by developing a geometry-independent, partially automated shape factor determination method. The capillary modification, the shape factor determination method as well as knitted fabrics made of cruciform filaments are evaluated technologically and economically from a product, process and application point of view