Jedinstveni obrazac djelovanja bisfenola A na ekspresiju gena čimbenika rasta živca embrionske mišje stanične linije N-44 dobivene iz hipotalamusa

We investigated the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) by determining the gene expression of nerve growth factor (Ngf) in the embryonic mouse cell line mHypoE-N44 derived from the hypothalamus exposed to BPA dose range between 0.02 and 200 μmol L-1 for 3 h. Ngf mRNA levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, with significant reductions observed in the 2 to 50 μmol L-1 BPA treatment groups compared to controls. However, at 100 to 200 μmol L-1 the Ngf mRNA gradually increased and was significantly higher than control, while the expression of the apoptosis-related genes Caspase 3 and transformation-related protein 73 decreased significantly. These results suggest that in an embryonic hypothalamic cell line the higher doses of BPA induce a unique pattern of Ngf gene expression and that BPA has the potential to suppress apoptosis essential for early-stage brain development.U istraživanju toksičnosti bisfenola A (BPA) utvrđena je ekspresija gena čimbenika rasta živca (eng. nerve growth factor - NGF) embrionske mišje stanične linije mHypoE-N44 dobivene iz hipotalamusa nakon trosatnog izlaganja BPA-u u rasponu doza od 0,02 do 200 μmol L-1. Razine Ngf mRNA snizile su se ovisno o dozi, a značajne razlike od kontrolne skupine zamijećene su za raspon od 2 do 50 μmol L-1. Međutim, počevši od doze od 100 do 200 μmol L-1, razine Ngf mRNA značajno su se povećale u odnosu na kontrolu, a ekspresija gena kaspaze 3 i transformacijskog proteina 73 značajno snizila. Ti rezultati upućuju na to da visoke doze BPA u embrionskoj hipotalamičkoj staničnoj liniji stvaraju jedinstveni obrazac ekspresije gena Ngf te da BPA može suprimirati apoptozu koja je nužna za rani razvoj mozga

The Physics of the B Factories

This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C

A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF LYMPH VESSELS AND INTRANODAL LYMPH PATHWAYS OF LYMPH NODES IN PIGS

The architecture of lymphatic microcirculation of pig lymph nodes was studied by scanning electron microscopy using a corrosion cast method. There were two types of lymph vessels for afferent lymph supply as well as those for efferent lymph drainage. Most afferent lymph vessels entered the node at the A-type hilus and penetrated deeply into the node. Others divided from the larger afferents and distributed to the convex surfaces of the node. One type of efferent lymph vessel left from the E-type hilus by several efferent trunks and was formed by confluences of many smaller lymph vessels, and the other type arose from surfaces around the peri-hilar (A-type) region, encompassing the afferent lymph vessels with numerous initial efferent vessels. The afferent lymph vessels were followed by intra-trabecular lymph channels. The peri-trabecular lymph sinuses and the peri-hilar (A-type) sub-capsular lymph sinuses were connected subsequently with the efferent lymph vessels and there was a direct communication between the cortex- and the medulla-like tissue (CT and MT). A marked difference between the casting patterns of the CT and MT was recognized ; that is, the CT was visualized as a dense coral-reef-like shape, whereas the MT exhibited a bead-like structure with numerous larger inter-spaces. These findings suggest that the intranodal lymph pathways not only share reversal in flow but are more minute and complex than those hitherto demonstrated

BLOOD SUPPLY AND MICROVASCULATURE OF THE LYMPH NODES IN PIGS

The blood supply and intranodal microvasculature in pig lymph nodes were studied by using a casting method and angiography. Arterial supply : In mandibular, subiliac, superficial inguinal and superficial popliteal lymph nodes, each nodular unit received nodal arteries mainly at the A-type hilus, and to some degree at the E-type hilus. The jejunal lymph nodes were supplied by numerous nodal arteries from networks of jejunal arteries. Each nodal artery running into the jejunal node was divided into 3 to 5 small branches. One of them penetrated into each nodular unit at the A-type hilus. The others usually branched extensively over the nodal surface, and were often distributed and wrapped around a part or all of the node. They then penetrated into the nodular units at many peripheral convex surfaces and at the A- or E-type hilus. Intranodal microcirculation of the jejunal lymph nodes : A nodal artery pene trated deeply into each nodular unit at the A-type hilus. Subsequently it was divided into many branches and ran into the trabecular trees. These smaller arteries became arterioles and capillaries in the cortex-like tissue (CT), and were distributed in the area of the CT and medulla-like tissue (MT). As the arteries entering via the E-type hilus branched into many smaller arteries within the MT, they extensively supplied the CT in the peripheral areas opposite the E-type hilus. The arteries entered from the peripheral convex surfaces supplied the CT, which occupied a conventional superficial position just underneath the capsule, and they formed capillary networks. Postcapillary venules (PCV) formed basket-like plexuses around germinal centers. These PCV converged into several large branches in the areas of the cortico-medullary junctions, and left the node through the A-, or E-type hilus