СЕЛИ И КАРЧЕХОДЫ НА РАВНИННЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ

Traditionally, it is believed that debris-flows are formed only in mountainous areas, and their occurrence in flat areas is impossible. These ideas about the conditions for the development and spread of debris-flow processes are reflected in the Russian Technical Regulations that determine the composition of engineering surveys for construction. In these Regulations, debris-flow and potentially debris-flow areas are identified only in mountainous areas, while flat and hilly areas are shown as non-debris-flow. Debris-flow risks are not calculated for flat and hilly areas both in Russia and in other countries. The vulnerability of objects, structures and territories to the impact of debris-flows is not taken into account either in the development of urban planning documentation, or in the design of objects and structures, or in the development of recreational areas. When designing hydraulic engineering and other structures, the loads created by water flows with a density of up to 1000 kg/m3 are calculated, and not by debris-flows, mudflows and suspended streams with a density of 1100-2000 kg/m3. The results of the research show that the presence, even in local areas, of slopes exceeding (depending on the type of rock) 5°-10°, creates the possibility of incoherent debris-flows (suspended streams) on lowland small rivers. For example, the number of such small rivers in the Novgorod region is 20%. The presence of even local sections with slopes of more than 100‰ on flat rivers creates conditions for the formation of debris-flows and mudflows. Debris-flows and mudflows are formed on plains not only in ravines, but also in the beds of permanent and temporary small watercourses and in erosion furrows on the slopes of hills and river terraces. The density of debris-flows and mudflows of small volumes formed in erosion cuts on the slopes of hills and river terraces can reach 2000 kg/m3, and sediment flows passing through the beds of small rivers-1100-1200 kg/m3. Submerged tree drifting on small watercourses in its composition are not water streams, and the incoherent debris flows.Традиционно считается, что сели формируются только в горных районах, а их возникновение на равнинных территориях невозможно. Эти представления об условиях развития и распространения селевых процессов отражены в Российских нормативных документах, определяющих состав инженерных изысканий для строительства: в них как селеопасные и потенциально селеопасные районы выделены только горные территории, а равнинные и холмистые территории показаны как не селеопасные. Таким образом, селевые риски при проектно-изыскательских работах как на большей части территории России, так и в мировой практике, не учитываются и соответственно уязвимость объектов, сооружений и территорий для селей не оценивается ни при разработке градостроительной документации, ни при проектировании объектов и сооружений, ни при развитии рекреационных территорий. Так, при проектировании гидротехнических сооружений рассчитываются нагрузки, создаваемые водными потоками плотностью до 1000 кг/м3, а не грязекаменными, грязевыми и наносоводными потоками плотностью 1100-2000 кг/м3. Результаты проведённых исследований показывают, что наличие, даже на локальных участках, уклонов, превышающих (в зависимости от типа горной породы) 5°-10°, создаёт возможность возникновения на равнинных малых реках несвязных селей (наносоводных потоков). Например, количество таких малых рек в Новгородской области составляет 20%. Наличие на равнинных реках даже локальных участков с уклонами более 100‰, создаёт условия для формирования грязевых и грязекаменных селей. Грязевые и грязекаменные сели малого объёма формируются на равнинных территориях не только в оврагах, но и в руслах постоянных и временных малых водотоков и в эрозионных бороздах на склонах холмов и речных террас. Плотность грязекаменных и грязевых селей небольших объёмов, формирующихся в эрозионных врезах на склонах холмов и речных террас может достигать 2000 кг/м3, наносоводных потоков, проходящих по руслам малых рек, – 1100-1200 кг/м3. Карчеходы, проходящие по мелким водотокам по своему составу являются не водными потоками, а несвязными селями. ЛитератураАйзенберг М.М., Грачева Л.Н. Селевые потоки на юге и юго-западе европейской территории Советского Союза // Труды Украинского научно-исследовательского гидрометео-рологического института. 1975. Вып. 140. С. 148-161. Айзенберг М.М., Семенихина А.С. К природе антропогенных селей // Труды Украинского научно-исследовательского гидрометео-рологического института. 1978. Вып. 168. С. 109-114.Атлас природных и техногенных опасностей и рисков чрезвычайных ситуаций Российской Федерации / Под общ. ред. С.К. Шойгу. М.: Дизайн. Информация. Картография, 2010. 696 с.Бодров В.А. Проблема борьбы с эрозией почв в районе Каневских дислокаций // Материалы Всесоюзного совещания по борьбе с эрозией почв, (г. Москва, 12-16 декабря 1955 г.). М.: Сельхозгиз, 1957. С. 369-378.Брылев В.А. Современные геодинамические процессы на территории Волгоградской агломерации // Сборник материалов 13-го пленарного межвузовского координационного совещания по проблеме эрозионных, русловых и устьевых процессов (г. Псков, 13-15 октября 1998 г.). Псков: ПГУ, 1998. С. 178-179.Виноградов Ю.Б. Этюды о селевых потоках. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1980. 143 с.Виноградов А.Ю., Виноградова Т.А. Селевые явления на равнинных территориях (на примере Новгородской области) // Материалы IV Международной конференции «Селевые потоки: катастрофы, риск, прогноз, защита» (г. Иркутск, 6-10 сентября 2016 г.) Иркутск: Изд-во Института географии им. В.Б. Сочавы СО РАН, 2016. С. 50-54.Виноградов А.Ю., Кадацкая М.М., Бирман А.Р., Виноградова Т.А., Обязов В.А., Кацадзе В.А., Угрюмов С.А., Бачериков И.В., Коваленко Т.В., Хвалев С.В., Парфенов Е.А. Расчёт неразмывающих скоростей водного потока на высоте верхней границы пограничного слоя // Resources and Technology. 2019. Т. 16. №3. С. 44-61. DOI: 10.15393/j2.art.2019.4782.Вольфцун И.Б., Крестовский О.И. Катастрофический ливневой паводок на Валдае// Метеорология и гидрология. 1961. №1. С. 40-43.География овражной эрозии / Под ред. Е.Ф. Зориной. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2006. 323 с.Домогашев В.Н. Проектирование мостовых переходов в условиях карчехода // Тезисы докладов и сообщений региональной научно-практической конференции Основные направления повышения эффективности и качества капитального строительства в Красноярском крае (г. Красноярск, 10-12 июня 1982 г.). Часть III. Красноярск, 1982. С. 12-13.Дрозд Н.И. Грязевые потоки в овражных районах Украины // Материалы V Всесоюзного совещания по изучению селевых потоков и мер борьбы с ними. Баку: Издательство Академии наук АзССР, 1962. С. 94-98.Ещенко Н.Д., Кутовой С.С., Шпак И.С. Влияние хозяйственной деятельности на заиление речных долин // Влияние хозяйственной деятельности на водный баланс / Под ред. С.М. Перехрест. Киев, 1969. С. 87-104.Казаков Н.А., Генсиоровский Ю.В. Паводки на малых реках низкогорья Ююжного и Среднего Сахалина как несвязные селевые потоки // Труды Второй конференции «Селевые потоки: катастрофы, риск, прогноз, защита», посвященной 100-летию С.М. Флейшмана (г. Москва, 17-19 октября 2012 г.). М.: Географический факультет МГУ, 2012. С. 49-50.Козменко А.С. Борьба с эрозией почв на сельскохозяйственных угодьях. М.: Сельхозгиздат, 1963. 208 с.Лапердин В.К., Качура Р.А. Геодинамика опасных процессов в зонах природно-техногенных комплексов Восточной Сибири. Иркутск: Институт земной коры СО РАН, 2010. 311 с.Леваднюк А.Т. Особенности развития овражной эрозии в оползневых районах Молдавии // Тезисы докладов Четвертой Всесоюзной научной конференции «Закономерности проявления эрозионных и русловых процессов в различных природных условиях» (г. Москва, 24-26 декабря 1987 г.). М.: МГУ, 1987. С. 155.Любимов Б.П. Селевые потоки в оврагах на Сатинском полигоне МГУ // Доклады и сообщения 16-ого пленарного межвузовского координационного совещания по проблеме эрозионных, русловых и устьевых процессов (г. Санкт-Петербург, 2-4 октября 2001 г.). СПб.: МГУ-СПбГУВК, 2001. С. 150-151.Любимов Б.П., Перов В.Ф. Селевые потоки в оврагах равнин // Вестник МГУ. Серия 5. География. 2001. № 3. С. 56-62.Перов В.Ф. Селевые явления на территории СССР // Итоги науки и техники. Серия Гидрология суши. Том 7. М.: ВИНИТИ, 1989. 147 с.Перов В.Ф. Селеведение: учебное пособие. М.: МГУ, 2012. 272 с.Прока В.Е. Будущее природы агропромышленного района. Кишинев: Штиинца, 1983. 237 с.Прока В.Е., Яковлев В.М. О селевых явлениях на территории Молдавии // Охрана природы Молдавии. 1969. Выпуск 7. С. 15-23.Сальников П.И. Оврагообразование, селевые паводки и песчаные заносы в городах Забайкалья и борьба с ними // Записки Забайкальского отдела Всесоюзного географического общества СССР. 1963. Выпуск 22. С. 77-92.Сластихин В.В. Селевые потоки Молдавского Приднестровья // Материалы Первой Научной конференции по проблемам развития и размещения производит. сил Приднестровья «Проблемы использования природных богатств и охраны природы». Львов: Каменяр, 1969. С. 30-32.Сластихин В.В. 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SYSTEM OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION OF SHIP DIESEL GENERATORS BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS

The dependence of the specific fuel consumption of the ship diesel-generator set on the generated electric power and the power factor is given. An algorithm for load distribution between parallel marine diesel generator sets is given, taking into account the dependencies of the specific fuel consumption on the generated power and the power factor of each marine diesel generator set. The possibility of using neural networks to solve the problem of minimizing the specific fuel consumption for parallel operation of ship diesel-generator sets in the steady state mode is considered. A neural network model for reducing fuel consumption is proposed by distributing the total electric load of a ship power plant between diesel generators operating in parallel. Such a model, based on the database obtained in the training process, which is implemented by microprocessor controllers with the algorithms of searching for a combination of capacities inherent in them for each of the parallel running generator, at which the minimum flow is reached, independently determines how it is necessary to load the units operating in parallel, to achieve a minimization of fuel consumption; and periodically checks the correspondence between the estimated (calculated) and the actual fuel costs, which ensures the control of the technical condition of the mechanisms

Formation and Structure of Graphene Waves on Fe(110)

A very rich Fe-C phase diagram makes the formation of graphene on iron surfaces a challenging task. Here we demonstrate that the growth of graphene on epitaxial iron films can be realized by chemical vapor deposition at relatively low temperatures, and that the formation of carbides can be avoided in excess of the carbon-containing precursors. The resulting graphene monolayer creates a novel periodically corrugated pattern on Fe(110). Using low-energy electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that it is modulated in one dimension forming long waves with a period of similar to 4 nm parallel to the [001] direction of the substrate, with an additional height modulation along the wave crests. The observed topography of the graphene/Fe superstructure is well reproduced by density functional theory calculations, and found to result from a unique combination of the lattice mismatch and strong interfacial interaction, as probed by core-level photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Effective transcription factor binding site prediction using a combination of optimization, a genetic algorithm and discriminant analysis to capture distant interactions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Reliable transcription factor binding site (TFBS) prediction methods are essential for computer annotation of large amount of genome sequence data. However, current methods to predict TFBSs are hampered by the high false-positive rates that occur when only sequence conservation at the core binding-sites is considered.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To improve this situation, we have quantified the performance of several Position Weight Matrix (PWM) algorithms, using exhaustive approaches to find their optimal length and position. We applied these approaches to bio-medically important TFBSs involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation as well as in inflammatory, immune, and antiviral responses (NF-κB, ISGF3, IRF1, STAT1), obesity and lipid metabolism (PPAR, SREBP, HNF4), regulation of the steroidogenic (SF-1) and cell cycle (E2F) genes expression. We have also gained extra specificity using a method, entitled SiteGA, which takes into account structural interactions within TFBS core and flanking regions, using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a discriminant function of locally positioned dinucleotide (LPD) frequencies.</p> <p>To ensure a higher confidence in our approach, we applied resampling-jackknife and bootstrap tests for the comparison, it appears that, optimized PWM and SiteGA have shown similar recognition performances. Then we applied SiteGA and optimized PWMs (both separately and together) to sequences in the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD). The resulting SiteGA recognition models can now be used to search sequences for BSs using the web tool, SiteGA.</p> <p>Analysis of dependencies between close and distant LPDs revealed by SiteGA models has shown that the most significant correlations are between close LPDs, and are generally located in the core (footprint) region. A greater number of less significant correlations are mainly between distant LPDs, which spanned both core and flanking regions. When SiteGA and optimized PWM models were applied together, this substantially reduced false positives at least at higher stringencies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Based on this analysis, SiteGA adds substantial specificity even to optimized PWMs and may be considered for large-scale genome analysis. It adds to the range of techniques available for TFBS prediction, and EPD analysis has led to a list of genes which appear to be regulated by the above TFs.</p

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio