Extending Collaborations for Knowledge Translation: Lessons from the Community-based Participatory Research Literature

The purpose of this paper is to expand the current focus on researcher-decision-maker knowledge translation (KT) partnerships to include community partners. Lessons were drawn from the community-based participatory research literature. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted, using forty-two eligible articles, and resulted in the identification of four themes (principles, structure, process and relationships) and associated factors that could contribute to KT collaborations among the three groups of actors. These findings are presented in a KT Triad framework. Thus, the framework provides specific lessons to facilitate researcher-decision-makercommunity collaborations based on an established body of literature. Including community partners in the KT process is important for integrating community context and needs into research-to-policy deliberations

L’impact des capacités d'inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive sur le taux de réussite d'une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour les tics chroniques

Le terme « tiqueur » est utilisé pour alléger le texte, et ce, sans préjudice.Les tics sont des manifestations motrices ou phoniques, involontaires, soudaines, rapides, stéréotypées, non rythmiques et répétitives (Bloch & Leckman, 2009). Selon la cinquième version du manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM-5), le Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette (SGT) inclut la présence de tics moteurs multiples associés à au moins un tic phonique se manifestant plusieurs fois par jour, depuis plus d'un an (APA, 2013). Lorsqu’au moins un tic moteur ou phonique existe de façon isolée depuis au moins un an, le diagnostic de Trouble de tics chroniques est plutôt envisagé (TTC). Plusieurs études ont permis de montrer une similarité entre le SGT et le TTC du point de vue des comorbidités, ainsi que des variables neuropsychologiques et psychosociales associées (Spencer & al., 1995; Shapiro & Shapiro, 1982). Ainsi, plusieurs auteurs suggèrent que le TTC constitue une forme moins sévère du SGT (Jedynak, 2004). Les effets néfastes associés aux tics chroniques sur la vie sociale, scolaire ou professionnelle sont suffisamment bien documentés dans la littérature scientifique (Cavanna, Servo, Monaco & Robertson, 2009; Robertson, 2006; Thibert, Day & Sandor, 1995). Les thérapies cognitivo-comportementales (TCC) représentent une bonne alternative à la médication dont les effets secondaires peuvent parfois être très incommodants. Toutefois, ces dernières montrent un taux d’efficacité très variable, de 30 % à 67 % selon les études (Verdellen, Van de Griendt, Hartmann & Murphy, 2011; Piacentini & al., 2010; O’Connor et al., 2015, 2008, 2005a, 2005b, 2001, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c). Pour cette raison, plusieurs auteurs ont tenté de prédire le taux de réussite thérapeutique associé à une TCC par une série de facteurs neuropsychologiques afin de trouver un élément d’explication à ces variations. La plupart s’accordent pour dire que le taux de réussite d’une TCC dépend du fonctionnement exécutif, et notamment des capacités d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive. Les participants ciblés par cette étude sont des adultes âgés entre 18 et 50 ans souffrants d’un SGT ou d’un Trouble de tics chroniques (n = 92), comparés à des participants sans problème psychiatrique ou neurologique (n = 56). La cueillette de données s’est effectuée au Centre d’Étude sur les Troubles Obsessionnel-Compulsif et les Tics (CÉTOCT), entre 2003 et 2013. L’objectif du premier volet de cette étude visait à comparer les capacités d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive chez un groupe de participants atteints de tics chroniques et un groupe de participants neurotypiques (groupe témoin). D’autre part, l’objectif du deuxième volet visait à mesurer les capacités d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive chez deux sous-groupes de participants : un sous-groupe ayant fortement réussi une Thérapie Cognitivo-Comportementale (TCC) pour les tics chroniques et un autre ayant faiblement réussi. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les participants atteints de tics chroniques présentent, de façon significative, de plus faibles capacités d’inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive qu’un groupe témoin. Toutefois, seules les capacités de flexibilité cognitive permettent de prédire significativement le taux de réussite thérapeutique associé à une TCC pour les tics chroniques.Tics are involuntary motor movements or vocalizations which are sudden, rapid, stereotyped, non-rhythmic and repetitive (Bloch & Leckman, 2009). According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), Tourette’s Disorder (TD) includes multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic that can be observed multiple times every day for more than a year (APA, 2013). When at least one motor or vocal tic can be observed for at least a year, Chronic Tic Disorder (CTD) is diagnosed instead. Multiple studies show similarities between TD and CTD for comorbidities as well as associated neuropsychological and psychosocial variables (Spencer & al., 1995; Shapiro & Shapiro, 1982). Many authors suggest that CTD is actually a milder form of TD (Jedynak, 2004). The harmful effects of chronic tics on social, academic or professional life are extensively documented in the scientific literature (Cavanna, Servo, Monaco & Robertson, 2009; Robertson, 2006; Thibert, Day & Sandor, 1995). Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) represent an alternative to medications whose side effects can sometimes be incapacitating. However, their success rate is highly variable, from 30% to 67% depending on the study (Verdellen, Van de Griendt, Hartmann & Murphy, 2011; Piacentini & al., 2010; O’Connor et al., 2015, 2008, 2005a, 2005b, 2001, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c). For this reason, many authors tried to predict the therapeutic success rate by using a series of neuropsychological factors in order to explain these variations. The general consensus is that the success rate of a CBT depends on executive functioning, notably on inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Participants in this study are adults aged 18 to 50 suffering from TD or CTD (n = 92) who are compared to participants without a diagnosed psychiatric or neurological disorder (n = 56). The data was collected at the Centre d’Étude sur les Troubles Obsessionnels-Compulsifs et les Tics (CÉTOCT) between 2003 and 2013. The objective of the first part of this study was to compare the inhibition and cognitive flexibility of a group of participants with chronic tics and a group of neurotypical participants (control group). On the other hand, the aim of the second component was to measure inhibition and cognitive flexibility in two subgroups of participants : a subgroup that strongly succeeded in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for chronic tics and another with weak success. The results showed that participants with chronic tics had significantly lower inhibition and cognitive flexibility than a control group. However, only cognitive flexibility can significantly predict the therapeutic success rate associated with CBT for chronic tics

Fostering Interactions: The Networking Needs of Community Health Nursing Researchers and Decision Makers

The purpose of the study on which this article is based was to determine the current extent of linkages among Canadian community health nursing researchers and decision makers and to identify perceptions around the structure and function of potential networks. A qualitative research design was utilised to develop common themes across focus groups, a workshop and key informant interviews. The findings suggest that there is a need for a formal community health network to provide an efficient and timely means to link the expertise required to tackle complex community health policy problems, and to create supports for advancing community health science with relevant and high quality research

Hemodynamic Responses Evoked by Neuronal Stimulation via Channelrhodopsin-2 Can Be Independent of Intracortical Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission

Maintenance of neuronal function depends on the delivery of oxygen and glucose through changes in blood flow that are linked to the level of ongoing neuronal and glial activity, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using transgenic mice expressing the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 in deep layer pyramidal neurons, we report that changes in intrinsic optical signals and blood flow can be evoked by activation of a subset of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing neurons in the sensorimotor cortex. We have combined imaging and pharmacology to examine the importance of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in this form of neurovascular coupling. Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors with the antagonists CNQX and MK801 significantly reduced forepaw-evoked hemodynamic responses, yet resulted in no significant reduction of channelrhodopsin-evoked hemodynamic responses, suggesting that stimulus-dependent coupling of neuronal activity to blood flow can be independent of local excitatory synaptic transmission. Together, these results indicate that channelrhodopsin-2 activation of sensorimotor excitatory neurons produces changes in intrinsic optical signals and blood flow that can occur under conditions where synaptic activation of neurons or other cells through ionotropic glutamate receptors would be blocked

Equity-oriented toolkit for health technology assessment and knowledge translation: application to scaling up of training and education for health workers

Human resources for health are in crisis worldwide, especially in economically disadvantaged areas and areas with high rates of HIV/AIDS in both health workers and patients. International organizations such as the Global Health Workforce Alliance have been established to address this crisis. A technical working group within the Global Health Workforce Alliance developed recommendations for scaling up education and training of health workers. The paper will illustrate how decision-makers can use evidence and tools from an equity-oriented toolkit to scale up training and education of health workers, following five recommendations of the technical working group. The Equity-Oriented Toolkit, developed by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Knowledge Translation and Health Technology Assessment in Health Equity, has four major steps: (1) burden of illness; (2) community effectiveness; (3) economic evaluation; and (4) knowledge translation/implementation. Relevant tools from each of these steps will be matched with the appropriate recommendation from the technical working group

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI