Screening of ionic liquids for PUFA extraction from microalgal biomass using COSMO-RS

Omega-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have many health benefits including reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune, inflammatory disorders, cystic fibrosis, disrupted neurological function, bowel disease and mental illness. The EPA and DHA from microalgae are favorable due to algal is farmed in a controlled environment that avoids harmful contamination such as methyl mercury, copper from the sea. Moreover, microalgae oil do not have the problem to deficiency of vitamin E unlike fish oil. It has also the advantage of presenting neither an unpleasant odour nor a high amount of cholesterol, and contains squalene and phytosterols, which offer additional benefits to human health. However, the existing conventional methods of lipid extraction like soxhlet consume large amount of solvent and consider as high toxic and energy intensive methods. Ionic liquids (ILs) is one of the new classes of solvent that has potential in extracting the microalgae PUFA. It provides low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, non-toxicity and dissolve polar, non polar organic, inorganic and polymeric components. However, very limited research has been conducted on extracting microalgae PUFA using ILs. Therefore, this study aims to screen the potential ILs that can be used in the microalgae extraction process. The screening work was carried out using Continuum Solvation Models for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). In this research use cosmo-rs to investigate the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic anions base ILs and also effect of the increase alkyl chain length from C2 to C8 on the EPA and DHA extraction. Cosmo-rs done this simulation by the calculation of activity coefficient (γ). It was found that the lowest activity coefficient has the best interaction between the solute and solvent. According to the results lowest activity coefficient for EPA and DHA extraction belong to [Cl] as anion for the imidazolium, pyridinium and pyrrolidinium with different alkyl chains. The effectiveness of those combinations will be further tested in the microalgae extraction

Nanoemulsions: factory for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics

Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), have gained increasing interest from researchers throughout the years. The small-sized droplet with a high surface area makes NEs important in many industries. In this review article, the components, properties, formation, and applications are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages are also described in this article. The formation of the nanosized emulsion can be divided into two types: high and low energy methods. In high energy methods, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonic emulsification are described thoroughly. Spontaneous emulsification, phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and the less known D-phase emulsification (DPE) methods are emphasized in low energy methods. The applications of NEs are described in three main areas which are food, cosmetics, and drug deliver

Screening of long chain imidazolium base ionic liquids for EPA and DHA extraction from microalgae using COSMO-RS model

Omega-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Omega-3 PUFA) in various types including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have many benefits for human health. The EPA and DHA from microalgae are favorable as the algal is farmed in a controlled environment that avoids harmful contamination such as methyl mercury and copper from the sea. Microalgae has the advantage of presenting neither an unpleasant odour nor a high amount of cholesterol. The presence of squalene and phytosterols in microalgae offer additional benefits to human health. The existing conventional methods of lipid extraction like soxhlet consume large amount of solvent and hence consider high toxic and energy intensive. Ionic liquids (ILs) are new classes of solvents that have the potential in extracting the microalgae lipid. ILs provide low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, non-toxicity and they can dissolve polar, non-polar and polymeric components. Very limited research has been conducted on extracting microalgae lipid especially PUFA using ILs therefore, this study aims to screen the potential ILs that can be used in the lipid extraction process. The screening was carried out using Continuum Solvation Models for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) method to investigate the effect of different types of anions base ILs by calculate the activity coefficient value. It was found that the lowest activity coefficient has the best interaction between the solute and solvent. According to the results the lowest activity coefficient for EPA and DHA extraction belongs to [benzoate] as anion for the octyl-methyl imidazolium base ILs

Ionic liquid method for the extraction of lipid from microalgae biomass: a review

Microalgae are an alternative source of renewable energy and high-value products for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, etc., due to rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and high-density lipoproteins. Existing methods for cell disruption and extraction are costly and suffered from low proficiencies. Ionic liquids are proven to be an environmentally friendly substitute to conventional volatile organic solvents. They have been used in extracting different types of biomass, including microalgae. This article reviews the potential of ILs in extracting biomolecules, lipid, and omega-3, from microalgae biomass. The physicochemical properties of ILs, including viscosity, density, and melting point, their advantages and limitation, as well as toxicity and recyclability of ILs in lipid processing, are discussed

COSMO-RS based prediction for alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) extraction from microalgae biomass using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILS)

One of the essential fatty acids with therapeutic impacts on human health is known to be omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). More lately, ionic liquids (ILs) have received significant attention among scientists in overcoming the disadvantages of traditional solvents in biomass lipid extraction. However, the large pool of cations and anions possibly accessible will lead to a growing number of innovatively synthesized ILs. Nevertheless, the exhaustive measurement of all these systems is economically impractical. The conductive screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is considered a precious approach with the availability of a few models to predict the characteristics of ILs. This work introduces the estimate of capacity values at infinite dilution for a range of ILs using COSMO-RS software as part of solid-liquid extraction. This favorable outcome presented that the capacity values of the IL molecules are extremely dependent on both anions and cations. Among the 352 combinations of cation/anion tested, short alkyl chain cations coupled with inorganic anions were found to be most efficient and therefore superior in the extraction method. Sulphate-, chloride-, and bromide-based ILs were found to have higher extraction capacities in contrast with the remainders, while propanoate revealed an extraordinary capacity when combined with ethyl-based cations. Eventually, the predicted results from COSMO-RS were validated through the experimentally calculated extraction yield of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) compound from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae. Three selected ILs namely [EMIM][Cl], [TMAm][Cl], and [EMPyrro][Br] were selected from COSMO-RS for empirical extraction purpose and the validation results pinpointed the good prediction capability of COSMO-RS

COSMO-RS based prediction for alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) extraction from microalgae biomass using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILS)

One of the essential fatty acids with therapeutic impacts on human health is known to be omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). More lately, ionic liquids (ILs) have received significant attention among scientists in overcoming the disadvantages of traditional solvents in biomass lipid extraction. However, the large pool of cations and anions possibly accessible will lead to a growing number of innovatively synthesized ILs. Nevertheless, the exhaustive measurement of all these systems is economically impractical. The conductive screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is considered a precious approach with the availability of a few models to predict the characteristics of ILs. This work introduces the estimate of capacity values at infinite dilution for a range of ILs using COSMO-RS software as part of solid-liquid extraction. This favorable outcome presented that the capacity values of the IL molecules are extremely dependent on both anions and cations. Among the 352 combinations of cation/anion tested, short alkyl chain cations coupled with inorganic anions were found to be most efficient and therefore superior in the extraction method. Sulphate-, chloride-, and bromide-based ILs were found to have higher extraction capacities in contrast with the remainders, while propanoate revealed an extraordinary capacity when combined with ethyl-based cations. Eventually, the predicted results from COSMO-RS were validated through the experimentally calculated extraction yield of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) compound from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae. Three selected ILs namely [EMIM][Cl], [TMAm][Cl], and [EMPyrro][Br] were selected from COSMO-RS for empirical extraction purpose and the validation results pinpointed the good prediction capability of COSMO-RS

Screening of suitable ionic liquids as green solvents for extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from microalgae biomass using COSMO-RS model

Omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have many health benefits including reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) in lipid extraction from microalgae provides the potential to overcome common drawbacks, offers several other benefits. To date, very limited researches are available to focus on extracting microalgae lipid and PUFA in particular by using ILs. The objective of current work is to screen the potential ILs that can be applied in EPA extraction. In this study, fast ILs screening was performed with the help of a conductor like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) and the ILs with higher capacity values for use in extraction of EPA were compared. According to the results, the highest capacity for EPA extraction among 352 screened cation/anion combinations belongs to [TMAm][SO4]. It is expected to achieve a higher yield of EPA once applying this combination as the solvent in the process of extraction. ILs with small anions were observed to have higher capacities, as well possessing higher charge density compared to larger ones, and therefore, they are more preferable for extraction purposes. Moreover, shorter alkyl chain cations are preferred when using imidazolium-based IL, which agrees with experimental data

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

COSMO-RS Based Prediction for Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Extraction from Microalgae Biomass Using Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs)

One of the essential fatty acids with therapeutic impacts on human health is known to be omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). More lately, ionic liquids (ILs) have received significant attention among scientists in overcoming the disadvantages of traditional solvents in biomass lipid extraction. However, the large pool of cations and anions possibly accessible will lead to a growing number of innovatively synthesized ILs. Nevertheless, the exhaustive measurement of all these systems is economically impractical. The conductive screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is considered a precious approach with the availability of a few models to predict the characteristics of ILs. This work introduces the estimate of capacity values at infinite dilution for a range of ILs using COSMO-RS software as part of solid-liquid extraction. This favorable outcome presented that the capacity values of the IL molecules are extremely dependent on both anions and cations. Among the 352 combinations of cation/anion tested, short alkyl chain cations coupled with inorganic anions were found to be most efficient and therefore superior in the extraction method. Sulphate-, chloride-, and bromide-based ILs were found to have higher extraction capacities in contrast with the remainders, while propanoate revealed an extraordinary capacity when combined with ethyl-based cations. Eventually, the predicted results from COSMO-RS were validated through the experimentally calculated extraction yield of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) compound from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae. Three selected ILs namely [EMIM][Cl], [TMAm][Cl], and [EMPyrro][Br] were selected from COSMO-RS for empirical extraction purpose and the validation results pinpointed the good prediction capability of COSMO-RS

Extraction of lipids and eicosapentaenoic acid from Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass using ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method

The consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), have some therapeutic impacts on human health. The combination of ionic liquids (ILs) with MAE revealed significant attention in comparison to conventional toxic solvents for biomass lipid extraction. Therefore, this study analyzes the suitable ILs for extracting EPA from microalgae, Nannochloropsis oceanica. The scope of the study includes screening of ILs solvents to be used using computational COSMO-RS, extracting the lipids from the microalgae, evaluating the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the extraction process as well as manipulating the extraction process for optimum EPA yield. It was found that among the investigated ILs, a combination of tetramethyl ammonium with SO4 or Cl was the best fit for EPA extraction. Three selected ILs, namely [EMIM][Cl], [TMAm][Cl], and [EMPyrro][Br], were empirically selected based on results provided by COSMO-RS software. The validation results pinpointed the good prediction capabilities of COSMO-RS. Furthermore, the study investigates the effect of different extraction parameters of MAE with ILs including solid-loading, irradiation time, irradiation power, extraction temperature, and IL amount on the total lipid extraction yield and EPA content from microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. The results of the screening study shown that the highest amount of total lipid yield and EPA content for all examined ILs were extracted with examined ILs mediated in water-based microwave irradiation at the ILs amount of 2 g, 25 min, 90 °C and 1 g of ILs amount, 25 min, 90 °C, respectively. The optimum extraction conditions, the yield of total extracted lipids and the content of EPA were found 19.58 wt% (gr/gr of total biomass) and 37.919 mg/g of total biomass respectively, when the extraction process was accomplished in 24.69 min at 88.18 °C and with 1.65 g of [TMAm][Cl]. Furthermore, at similar condition, the total lipid and EPA were extracted in the order of: [TMAm][Cl] > [EMPyrro][Br] > [EMIM][Cl]. Under these experimental conditions, total SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs composition after ILs based MAE were respectively 28.49 wt%, 27.99 wt% and 40.63 wt% for [TMAm][Cl], which the high percentage of PUFAs make it a potential feedstock for pharmaceutical production. Also, [TMAm][Cl] mediated in water medium based microwave irradiation had improved the total lipid yield and EPA content around 2.53 times and 7.85 times at the optimum condition in comparison to the standard extraction method of Soxhlet which was extracted total lipid around 7.75% and 4.83 mg/g of EPA. Among the mathematical models used, Second-order rate law and Patricelli model with highest R2 of 0.9823 and 0.968 were recognized as the most suitable model for explanation of extraction processes of [TMAm][Cl] based microwave irradiation of EPA extraction. The values of thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) of +403.0557 (kJ/mol.K), and entropy change (ΔS) of + 0.1485 (kJ/mol.K) indicate that this process is endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous, respectively. Overall, the IL-MAE method promises a cheaper, greener, and faster extraction process for a high-quality lipid and EPA from microalgae