The Relationship between Managers’ Power Sources and Workers’ Organizational Commitment of Registration Offices of Northern Khorasan-Iran

The role registration offices play in identification is so important that can affect on success of other organizations and institutions of a society. Human force and management of human force is one of factors affecting greatly on viability and efficiency and effectiveness of organizations. Organizations having faithful and attached workers who consider the goal of organization as their own goal, satisfy internally by reaching to that goal, don’t tend to leave their organization and defend from organization interests out of organization may have more efficiency with the least costs. In such organization, the role played by managers and power sources they use in order to obtain the most efficiency from workers is of high importance. In the present paper, power sources used by managers of registration offices in Northern Khorasan are studied and their effect on workers’ organizational commitment is measured in 95% level. The final result indicates that there is a significant relationship between different power sources of managers and workers’ organizational commitment. Keywords: manager’s power; Canonical power; Force Power; Reward Power; Specialization Power; Authority Powe

Natural Purpose (organism) and its relation to the Final Purpose in Kant's third critique

Kant in Critique of Judgment, regards nature as the system of purposes, and contrary to the cause and effect system and the mechanistic approach that dominated his philosophy in the critique of pure reason, teleology and the teleological approach became the most important feature of Kant's third critique. Konigsberger's philosopher in the confrontation with nature, especially in organisms and animals and plants, finds that mechanistic approach could not be explained, so without denying the causality principle, he resorted to the principle of teleology in nature, attributing the former to the phenomenal world, and the second to the nominal world, because man is a citizen of both worlds.Natural purpose or organic beings are the most important beings that Kant explain with his teleological approach. They are their cause and their effect, and on the other hand produce their own kind, as well as their survival and growth done through themselves, that way, they absorb substances from the outside and give them their own face.In Kant's view, the ultimate purpose can only be human because he is capable to developing the purposes and by human will as the moral being that nature can be teleological, and determination the purpose by human will is culture or nurture, and thereby giving value to nature, otherwise nature and the creatures in it were in vain.Keywords:“Kant”, “purpose”,“Natural Purpose(organism)”, “nature”, “purpose system”, “final purpose”,“human”

investigation of mutation in Exon 27 and exon 29 of MYBPC3 gene by using PCR-SSCP/HA in cardiomyopathic hypertrophy patients in chahahrmahal va bakhtiari province

Background and aims: Hypertrophy cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common type of heart disease with monogenic inheritance distinguished by thickening of left ventricle, contractile dysfunction and potentially fatal arrhythmias. Great progress in clarifying the genetic basis of HCM obtained. It was identified more than 900 unique mutations in 20 genes. Mutations in the gene MYBPC3 (which encodes the cardiac Myosin binding protein C) are about 40% of clinical cases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of mutations in exons 27 and 29 of MYBPC3 gene in patients with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: 30 probands of hypertrophy cardiomyopathy were selected from patients referred to cardiac clinic of the Shahrekord Medical University. To extract DNA from blood samples of patients we used standard phenol – chloroform protocol. The exons 27 and 29 were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction and were converted to single-stranded with Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism and they electrophoresed with double-stranded samples on polyacrylamide gels. Results: Extracted DNA was electrophoresed and the attraction ratio was examined and the outcomes indicate that the DNA extraction and quality of samples are respectable. By investigation of obtained results from SSCP/HA electrophorese in Polyacrylamide, no change was found in exons 27 and 29 of MYBPC3. Conclusion: Any of the patients had no mutation in exons 27 and 29 gene MYBPC3. Based on the results of this study there is no mutation in exons 27 and 29 gene MYBPC3 of HCM patients with autosomal dominant inheritance. It concluded that exons 27 and 29 of MYBPC3 do not have any role to cause HCM in examined patients

On φ-contractions and fixed point results in fuzzy metric spaces

In this paper, φ-contractions are defined and then, some new fixed point theorems are established for certain nonlinear mappings associated with one-dimensional (c)-comparison functions in fuzzy metric spaces. Next, generalized φ-contractions are defined by using five-dimensional (c)-comparison functions, and the existence of fixed points for nonlinear maps on fuzzy metric spaces is studied. Moreover, some examples are given to illustrate our results

Prophylactic Administration of Aminophylline to Prevent Renal Dysfunction in Asphyxiated Neonates

Background: Neonatal asphyxia is one of the most common neonatal problems. And kidney injuries are one of the most important complications of asphyxia in infants. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of administering aminophylline on improving the renal function of asphyxiated preterm infants.Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, forty term neonates with perinatal asphyxia were randomized to intervention (n=21) and control (n=19) groups, respectively, receiving a intravenously single dose of aminophylline (5 mg/kg) or an equal volume of placebo (5% dextrose in water) during the first 3 hours of life. Daily urine output, 24-hour fluid intake, weight and serum creatinine were recorded during the first 5 days of life.Result: The incidence of severe kidney dysfunction was not significantly different between the two groups. (2 infants in the group of intervention with aminophylline and 3 in the control placebo group; p=0.23). Plasma creatinine (Pcr) levels were increased in both groups on the second day and reached the maximum in the third day. Then it gradually decreased during the fourth and fifth days of life. There was no significant difference in Pcr & GFR between the groups in these five days (p>0.05). However, urinary output/input ratio was higher in the aminophylline group in the first three days of life.Conclusion: Prophylactic administration of aminophylline in asphyxiated neonates could not change the process of renal failure in the patients but could increase urinary output in the first days of life

I understand your pain but I do not feel it: lower affective empathy in response to others’ social pain in narcissism

Introduction: While the relationship between narcissism and empathy has been well-researched, studies have paid less attention to empathic accuracy, i.e., appreciating the precise strength of another person’s emotions, and self-other distinction, in terms of the disparity between affective ratings for self and other in response to emotive stimuli. Furthermore, empathic responses may vary depending on whether the pain is physical or social.Methods: We investigated empathic accuracy, affective empathy, and the distinction between pain, emotion and intensity ratings for self and other, in high (n = 44) and low (n = 43) narcissism groups (HNG and LNG, respectively) selected from 611 students, in response to both types of pain. Participants watched six videos where targets expressed genuine experiences of physical and social pain, and rated the perceived affect and pain experienced by the person in the video and their own empathic emotional responses.Results and discussion: The HNG displayed lower affective empathy and empathic accuracy than the LNG for both pain types. Within the HNG there was higher empathic accuracy for social vs. physical pain, despite reduced affective empathy for social pain, in contrast to the LNG. In addition to this paradox, the HNG demonstrated greater differences between ratings for the self and for target others than the LNG, suggesting that narcissism is associated with higher self-other distinction in response to viewing other people describing social pain

Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep: A Survey on Polysomnographic Characteristics of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background and Objective: Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are two common sleep disorders that frequently co-occur in one subject. In this study, we evaluated the polysomnographic (PSG) features of patients with OSA with and without PLMS. Materials and Methods: Patients with OSA diagnosed by PSG who referred to our sleep clinic over 2 years were studied for PLMS during a standard diagnostic sleep study. PSG features including apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and sleep quality were evaluated and compared between patients with OSA with and without PLMS. Results: We evaluated 122 patients with OSA, of whom 17 had comorbid PLMS. Mean sleep quality was significantly lower in patients with PLMS compared to those without PLMS (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in terms of mean age, gender, arousal index (AI), ODI, and apnea/hypopnea between the two groups. Conclusion: Patients with OSA with PLMS comorbidity have remarkably lower sleep quality and this finding is independent of the severity of arousals or respiratory events. Proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of PLMS comorbidity in patients with OSA might improve treatment response.  

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Consumption Reduces Oxidative Stress and Markers of Muscle Damage after Combat Readiness Tests in Soldiers

Military activities often involve high-intensity exercise that can disrupt antioxidant capacity. We investigated the effects of oregano supplementation on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and plasma antioxidant markers of soldiers performing the army combat readiness test (ACRT). Twenty-four healthy male soldiers (age: 24 ± 3 years, height: 167 ± 14 cm, mass: 66 ± 3 kg) were randomized into a placebo group (n = 12) or an oregano supplementation group (n = 12). The participants consumed a capsule containing 500 mg Origanum vulgare immediately after completing the ACRT. Blood sampling was taken before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 60 and 120 min after oregano consumption. Plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured at the four time points. The time × group interactions were found for CK (p < 0.0001, d = 3.64), LDH (p < 0.0001, d = 1.64), MDA (p < 0.0001, d = 9.94), SOD (p < 0.0001, d = 1.88), TAC (p < 0.0001, d = 5.68) and GPX (p < 0.0001, d = 2.38). In all variables, the difference between placebo and oregano groups were significant at 60 (p < 0.0001) and 120 (p < 0.0001) minutes after ACRT test. The main effect of time was also significant for all the variables (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that oregano supplementation has the potential to reduce muscle damage and increase oxidative capacity following ACRT. Supplementation with oregano may serve as a dietary strategy to increase preparedness and promote recovery in military recruits

Evaluation of susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to different WHO recommended insecticides in an endemic focus, Central Iran

Background: Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by Leishmania parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO’s global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Prov- ince, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO. Methods: Sand flies were collected by mouth aspirator in Matin Abad desert Eco-resort and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Malathion 5% and Propoxur 0.1%. The number of knockdown sand flies were recorded during exposure time in ten minutes interval for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Knockdown Time50 (KD50) and KD90 were generated for them using Probit software. They were mounted and identified by valid keys. Results: Among the tested insecticides against female Phlebotomus papatasi, DDT, Deltame- thrin, and Malathion recorded the highest mortality rate of 100%, followed by Propoxur with 92.2% mortality for a one-hour exposure. For DDT, KD50 and KD90 were calculated 21.87 and 42.93 and for Deltamethrin, they were 23.74 and 56.50 minutes respectively. Total sand flies ex-posed with DDT and Deltamethrin shed their leg(s). Conclusion: It is concluded that Ph. papatasi from central Iran is susceptible to DDT, Deltame- thrin, Malathion, and Propoxur

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens