Cenozoic paleoceanography 1986: An introduction

New developments in Cenozoic paleoceanography include the application of climate models and atmospheric general circulation models to questions of climate reconstruction, the refinement of conceptual models for interpretation of the carbon isotope record in terms of carbon mass balance, paleocirculation, paleoproductivity, and the regional mapping of paleoceanographic events by acoustic stratigraphy. Sea level change emerges as a master variable to which changes in the ocean environment must be traced in many cases, and tests of the onlap-offlap paradigm therefore are of crucial importance

Is investment in Climate-Smart-agricultural practices the option for the future? Cost and benefit analysis evidence from Ghana

A majority of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries depend to a large extent on agriculture for food security and income. Efforts aimed at improving farm-related profitability are therefore important to improving livelihoods among smallholder farmers. In Ghana, for example, smallholder farmers that depend on agriculture face serious risks especially those related to climate change and variability and soil degradation. Notwithstanding these dangers, evidence of the published literature on how best to tackle these challenges is limited. Over the recent decades, however, there has been advancement by programs channelling resources into Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices to improving smallholder livelihoods and food security. The interest in advancing investment in CSA practices is a key pathway that has the potential to significantly reduce the negative effect of climate change and variability risks on smallholder farmers livelihoods. Investing in CSA practices is also a key pathway to improving farm yield per unit area. Consequently, smallholder farmers are adopting and implementing CSA practices. Despite that, a gap still exists on the profitability of undertaking such an investment, as this is key in determining the sustainability of CSA practices. On this basis, the present study undertook a detailed cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of seven CSA practices identified with smallholder farmers in the coastal savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana. A total of 48 smallholder farmers that had adopted these practices were studied. Three CBA indicators namely the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP) were assessed for each of the seven CSA practices. The results showed that out of the seven CSA practices examined, six of them were profitably suitable for adoption and scaling up from the perspective of smallholder farmers as well as the public perspective. The finding from this study, therefore, fill the current information gap in the literature on the costs and benefits of adopting CSA practices on household livelihoods in Ghana. Such a finding is critical to the promotion and scaling up the adoption of CSA practices by smallholder farmers and serve as a basis of formulating appropriate guidelines and policies for supporting CSA practices

Cost and benefit analysis for climate-smart agricultural (csa) practices in the coastal savannah agro-ecological zone (aez) of Ghana

Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Ghana, rely on agriculture for their income and food security. Any initiative that might help to sustain and improve productivity in agriculture would be a crucial step in improving people’s livelihoods. The adoption of climate-smart practices is a key step in reducing the threat to the sustainability of agricultural production in Ghana. Yet, despite the concern about the threat caused by climate variability and change, little empirical analysis has been carried out to date on how best to tackle it. However, recently many of the development and government programs are being designed in such a way that if adopted, can tackle the problems associated with climate variability and change. The majority of rural farmers have now adopted these practices. However, the cost effectiveness of adopting these practices – a key ingredient to the policy-making processes – is challenging. The results presented in this report attempt to bridge the knowledge gap between the cost and effectiveness, using ex-ante cost-benefit analysis to assess the cost effectiveness of some of the proposed climate-smart agricultural practices. This study examines the private and social benefits and the costs of selected climate-smart agricultural practices as a step towards understanding their private and potential social benefits and costs and their implication in terms of deterring their adoption from the farmers’ viewpoint and any potential social benefits, if adopted

Integrated Late Eocene-Oligocene Stratigraphy of the Alabama Coastal Plain: Correlation of Hiatuses and Stratal Surfaces to Glacioeustatic Lowerings

We integrated strontium and oxygen isotopic, biostratigraphic, and magnetostratigraphic studies of two upper Eocene-Oligocene boreholes drilled near Bay Minette and St. Stephens Quarry (SSQ), Alabama. Continuous coring provided fresh, unweathered material for magnetostratigraphic studies, minimizing problems reported from nearby outcrops. Difficulties with each technique were encountered because of diagenesis, absence of marker fossils, and the presence of unconformities; however, by integrating results from isotopic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy, we correlated these relatively shallow-water deposits to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). At the SSQ borehole, the upper Eocene to lower Oligocene section is apparently complete within our stratigraphic resolution (0.2-0.5 m.y.), allowing us to estimate the ages of several stratal surfaces. Late Eocene Sr isotope age estimates are as expected at the SSQ borehole, but Oligocene ages are ~1 m.y. older than expected due to diagenesis. At the Bay Minette borehole, a latest Eocene-earliest Oligocene and a late early Oligocene hiatus were detected. We correlate these two hiatuses and stratal surfaces at SSQ with global δ^18O increases inferred to represent glacioeustatic lowerings and with evidence for hiatuses on other continental margins: (1) a distinct disconformity at the base of the Chickasawhay Limestone at both boreholes and a hiatus at Bay Minette correlates with a global δ^18O increase; we revise the age of this surface (equivalent to the TB 1.1 sequence boundary) making it ~2 m.y. older than previously reported; and (2) a surface at the top of the Shubuta Member (lowermost Oligocene) has been interpreted both as a condensed section and a disconformity; this surface at SSQ and a hiatus at Bay Minette correlate with a sharp global δ^18O increase and with hiatuses on the New Jersey and Irish margins. The timing of the hiatuses and stratal surfaces correlates with the inflection of the δ^18O increases and not with the maximum values, supporting models that indicate that unconformities form during the maximum rates of sea level fall

A decade of science for climate change adaptation and mitigation

This working paper synthesizes findings and reflections from an analysis of 300 CCAFS outcomes reported by project and program leaders between 2011 and 2020. The analysis, organized in the form of an outcome harvest, was aimed to distil typologies of outcomes achieved across geographies and groups of beneficiaries; the contributions of outcomes to program and institutional targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets; as well as key impact pathways derived from the activities, outputs and outcomes reported by CCAFS teams in relation to interventions targeting policy/investment and services/farm. The study also reveals examples of outcomes that progressed from one maturity level to the next, that expanded the scope of work, scaled to new geographies, or marked an increase in the number of innovations developed over the years, indicating a diversity of forms in which CCAFS outcome-oriented work has evolved towards increased impact

Total Synthesis of Kingianins A, D, and F

A synthesis fit for a king: The total synthesis of (±)-kingianinsA, D, and F has been achieved in ten steps. Key features include the gram-scale synthesis and partial reduction of a conjugated tetrayne to a (Z,Z,Z,Z)-tetraene, the domino 8π-6π electro

Sedimentology, stratigraphic context, and implications of Miocene intrashelf bottomset deposits, offshore New Jersey

Drilling of intrashelf Miocene clinothems onshore and offshore New Jersey has provided better understanding of their topset and foreset deposits, but the sedimentology and stratigraphy of their bottomset deposits have not been documented in detail. Three coreholes (Sites M27–M29), collected during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 313, intersect multiple bottomset deposits, and their analysis helps to refine sequence stratigraphic interpretations and process response models for intrashelf clinothems. At Site M29, the most downdip location, chronostratigraphically well-constrained bottomset deposits follow a repeated stratigraphic motif. Coarse-grained glauconitic quartz sand packages abruptly overlie deeply burrowed surfaces. Typically, these packages coarsen then fine upwards and pass upward into bioturbated siltstones. These coarse sand beds are amalgamated and poorly sorted and contain thin-walled shells, benthic foraminifera, and extrabasinal clasts, consistent with an interpretation of debrites. The sedimentology and mounded seismic character of these packages support interpretation as debrite-dominated lobe complexes. Farther updip, at Site M28, the same chronostratigraphic units are amalgamated, with the absence of bioturbated silts pointing to more erosion in proximal locations. Graded sandstones and dune-scale cross-bedding in the younger sequences in Site M28 indicate deposition from turbidity currents and channelization. The sharp base of each package is interpreted as a sequence boundary, with a period of erosion and sediment bypass evidenced by the burrowed surface, and the coarse-grained debritic and turbiditic deposits representing the lowstand systems tract. The overlying fine-grained deposits are interpreted as the combined transgressive and highstand systems tract deposits and contain the deepwater equivalent of the maximum flooding surface. The variety in thickness and grain-size trends in the coarse-grained bottomset packages point to an autogenic control, through compensational stacking of lobes and lobe complexes. However, the large-scale stratigraphic organization of the bottomset deposits and the coarse-grained immature extrabasinal and reworked glauconitic detritus point to external controls, likely a combination of relative sea-level fall and waxing-and-waning cycles of sediment supply. This study demonstrates that large amounts of sediment gravity-flow deposits can be generated in relatively shallow (~100–200 m deep) and low-gradient (~1°–4°) clinothems that prograded across a deep continental shelf. This physiography likely led to the dominance of debris flow deposits due to the short transport distance limiting transformation to low-concentration turbidity currents

Prognostic significance of clinical presentation, induction and rescue treatment in 42 cases of canine centroblastic diffuse large B-cell multicentric lymphoma in the United Kingdom

Canine lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases and many previous studies have evaluated the response of a mixed population of lymphoma cases to one specific treatment protocol. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the outcome and prognostic factors in 42 cases of multicentric centroblastic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with either a COP‐type (35%) or CHOP‐type (64%) induction chemotherapy. The objective response rate to induction therapy was 94%; entire dogs had a greater rate of complete vs partial remissions than neutered dogs (P = .017). Median progression‐free survival for the first remission (PFS1) was 182 days; absence of anaemia at diagnosis (P = .002) and pretreatment neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) below 9.44 (P = .015) were independently predictive of longer PFS1. Fifty‐eight percent of dogs received rescue protocols with an objective response rate of 81%; 31% of dogs received further rescue protocols (up to a total of 5) and the median number of protocols administered were 2. Median overall survival (OS) was 322 days, the 1‐year survival rate was 38% and the 2‐year survival rate was 9%. Lymphocyte:monocyte ratio above 1.43 (P = .031), NLR below 11.44 (P = .009), the combination of induction and rescue therapy (P = .030) and the total number of doxorubicin doses used (P = .002) were independently predictive of longer OS. Use of a COP‐type protocol induction compared with CHOP did not undermine OS providing doxorubicin was used as rescue therapy

Enacting experimental alternative spaces

This paper analyses the experimental nature of alternative spaces and the affective, emotional and embodied experience their enactment generates. In so doing, it grounds the analysis on the intentional community of Damanhur (Italy), as an example of experimental spaces. Scholarship concerning intentional communities draws on utopian studies that consider them as utopian laboratories. More recently, non‐representational approaches have emphasised the processual nature of utopias, yet studies have overlooked the experimental nature of these alternative spaces. Drawing upon in‐depth ethnographic data, this paper engages with community experimentations that took place in Damanhur for residents and visitors. It illustrates how utopian enactment is experimental and thus, disordering, unsettling and creative. Moreover, I argue that experimentations are not limited to unsettling the social structure of the community and, when studying the enactment of alternative spaces, emphasis should also be on their capacity to affect the individual