The power of words: describe, prescribe.

Book review A economia das trocas linguísticasResenha do livro A economia das trocas linguísticas

Diagenesis of archaeological bone and tooth

An understanding of the structural complexity of mineralised tissues is fundamental for exploration into the field of diagenesis. Here we review aspects of current and past research on bone and tooth diagenesis using the most comprehensive collection of literature on diagenesis to date. Environmental factors such as soil pH, soil hydrology and ambient temperature, which influence the preservation of skeletal tissues are assessed, while the different diagenetic pathways such as microbial degradation, loss of organics, mineral changes, and DNA degradation are surveyed. Fluctuating water levels in and around the bone is the most harmful for preservation and lead to rapid skeletal destruction. Diagenetic mechanisms are found to work in conjunction with each other, altering the biogenic composition of skeletal material. This illustrates that researchers must examine multiple diagenetic pathways to fully understand the post-mortem interactions of archaeological skeletal material and the burial environment

Housing the Whittier Neighborhood.

Prepared for the Whittier Housing Corporation. Sponsored by Neighborhood Planning for Community Revitalization, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota

O papel da mídia capixaba na construção do imaginário social do progresso no Espírito Santo (2003-2006)

A partir da análise de 18 matérias veiculadas nos jornais impressos capixabas, a saber, AGazeta e A Tribuna a pesquisa buscou entender como tais jornais operam a construção do imaginário social do progresso no Espírito Santo. A partir do aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso, a pesquisa busca encontrar nos textos os indícios que levam a uma formação discursiva, e, por conseguinte, a uma formação ideológica em que o progresso emerge como categoria fundante. Tais indícios, que tecem a trama do imaginário do progresso é o discurso, entendido como materialidade lingüística, lugar em que se articulam sujeito, língua e história. A premissa inicial é a de que o progresso, ainda que não apareça nos jornais como um enunciado concreto, constitui-se enquanto idéia e funda-se como vontade, ganhando assim aderência social. Logo, se por um lado, o progresso aparece como discurso forjado por determinados grupos, por outro, encontra aderência nessa vontade, constituindo-se enquanto imaginário coletivamente apropriado. O imaginário social seria, por seu turno, essa espécie de imagem que a sociedade cria de si. Uma forma de um grupo, uma comunidade, uma sociedade se enxergar; a base na qual cada sociedade elabora a imagem de si mesma e do universo em que vive. Enquanto uma imagem atua, portanto, como uma espécie de representação da realidade. É o espelho no qual se estrutura essa sociedade. Mas esse espelho, no entanto, não funciona com uma imagem refletida e sim com uma representação dessa realidade. A pesquisa conta com uma articulação teórica com o campo da história e também das ciências sociais, em especial, a sociologia das práticas sociais, sendo o conceito de habitus jornalístico um dos aportes teóricos da pesquisa. Articular a discussão acerca do habitus jornalístico, discutir como o jornalismo cria, a partir de sua prática e seu modo de operação, um lugar para si mesmo lugar de quem fala , é também um dos objetivos desta pesquisa. Para isso queremos entender como o jornalismo, ao mesmo tempo em que opera discursos outros, opera o discurso sobre si mesmo, construindo-se como lugar de legitimidade. Para as análises, fora realizada a constituição de um corpus selecionado de forma aleatória das edições do jornal, chegando a um total de 96 edições (48 de cada jornal) distribuídas entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. O período foi escolhido por ser tratar de momento ímpar em relação ao discurso do progresso no estado do Espírito Santo, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário local, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário nacional. As matérias ou colunas fazem parte dos cadernos de Economia de ambos os jornais.From the analysis of 18 articles published in capixaba´s printed newspapers, wich are A Gazeta and A Tribuna, the research intended to understand how these newspapers operate the building of social imaginary of progress in Espírito Santo. With the theoretical and methodological stand of Discourse Analysis, it was possible to find in these texts the evidences that lead to a discursive formation and, consequently, to a ideological formation where progress emerges as a regnant category. These evidences, that weave the plot of progress, are contained in discourse as a linguistic materiality, place where subject, language and history are articulated. The results point that progress, even when does not appear in newspapers as a correct enunciation, constitutes itself as idea and is founded as will, thus gaining social adherence. On this way, if progress appears as a discourse forged by certain groups, on the other hand it finds adherence to this will, constituting an imaginary collectively taken. The social imaginary would be, on its turn, this kind of image that society creates of itself. A formation of a group, a community, a society way of seeing itself; the base on wich each society elaborates an image of itself and the universe where she lives. As an image it acts, therefore, as a kind of reality´s representation. It is the mirror where this society is structured. But this mirror, however, does not work reflecting an image, considering that is also refracts it. The research has a theoretical articulation with history´s extent and also with social sciences, especially sociology of social practices, since the concept of habitus as one of the contributions to this research. Articulating the argument about the journalistic, discussing how journalism creates, from its practice and its operation way, a place for itself - a place that talks was also one of this work´s objectives. To achieve that, the research intended to understand how journalism, at the same time that operates discourses about others, also operates a discourse about itself, constructing its place as a place of legitimacy. To the analysis, was made a constitution of a montage about a sampling selected in a random way over the newspaper editions, in a total of 96 editions (48 of each newspaper) distributed between the years of 2003 and 2006, in wich 18 constitutes the amount of the research. This period was chosen because it shows a special moment related to the discourse of progress in Espírito Santo´s state, somehow, by the changes that occurried in local scene, and also because of the changes in national stage. The articles or columns are part of Economical´s sections in both newspapers

Iron availability in tropical soils and its absorption by plant

A deficiência de Fe em plantas cultivadas em solos tropicais tem ocorrido devido ao aumento de produtividade das culturas e à expansão agrícola em solos de baixa fertilidade. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a disponibilidade de Fe e sua absorção pela planta em diferentes solos. Estudaram-se 13 solos, em duas profundidades. O Fe foi extraído pelos extratores Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e em CaCl2 (Fe-CC). Realizou-se o fracionamento das formas de Fe relacionadas aos oxihidróxidos pedogênicos de baixa (Feo) e alta (Fed) cristalinidade, bem como aquele ligado a matéria orgânica (Fep), utilizando-se, respectivamente, oxalato de amônio, ditionito-citrato e pirofosfato de sódio. Para relacionar a disponibilidade de Fe com os atributos do solo e o crescimento de plantas foi realizado um experimento com plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) em sistema semi-hidropônico. Os teores de Fed foram altos, entre 5 e 132 g kg-1, e os de Fe-CC, baixos, com média de 3,7 mg dm-3, indicando predomínio de Fe na forma de oxihidróxidos cristalinos e baixo teor de Fe prontamente disponível às plantas. O Mehlich-1 extraiu entre 14 e 196 mg dm-3 de Fe, enquanto Mehlich-3, entre 32 e 118, mas ambos com média próxima de 65 mg dm-3. Os extratores apresentaram correlações significativas com diversos atributos do solo, muitos deles comuns a ambos, indicando que estes atuam de forma semelhante. A correlação entre os dois extratores foi altamente significativa, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,75 para a correlação linear simples e tão alto quanto 0,93 para as regressões lineares múltiplas. Esses dois métodos de extração foram ineficientes em avaliar a disponibilidade de Fe para as plantas. Todavia, houve correlação positiva entre matéria seca e teor de Fe na planta, mesmo dentro das faixas de teores no solo e na planta considerados adequados. A produção de matéria seca, o teor e o conteúdo foliar de Fe correlacionaram-se positivamente com o teor de Fep, indicando ser a fração Fe ligada aos componentes orgânicos do solo a que mais contribui para a disponibilidade de Fe para a planta.The iron deficiency in plants grown in tropical soils has been frequent given the increase in crop yields and the expansion of agriculture in soils of low fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the Fe availability and its absorption by plant in different soils. We studied 13 soils, in two depths. The iron was extracted by Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and CaCl2 (Fe-CC). We carried out the fractionation of Fe forms related to: low (Feo) and high (Fed) crystallinity pedogenic oxyhydroxides, and organic matter (Fep), using, respectively, ammonium oxalate, dithionite-citrate and sodium pyrophosphate. In order to relate the availability of Fe to soil properties and plant growth was carried out an experiment with maize plants (Zea mays L.) in a semi- hydroponic system. Fed levels were high, between 5 and 132 g kg-1, and Fe-CC levels were low, with an average of 3.7 mg dm-3, indicating predominance of Fe as crystalline oxyhydroxides and low content of readily available Fe to plants. Mehlich- 1 extracted between 14 and 196 mg dm-3 of Fe, as Mehlich-3, between 32 and 118, but both with an average of about 65 mg dm-3. Both extractors showed significant correlations with various soil attributes, many common to both, indicating that they act similarly. The correlation between the extractors was highly significant, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.75 for the linear correlation and as high as 0.93 for multiple linear regressions. The two extractions methods were inefficient to predict the Fe availability to plants. However, there was a positive correlation between dry matter and Fe concentration in shoot, even in soil and plant iron concentrations ranges considered appropriate. The dry matter production, Fe concentration and content in shoot were positively correlated with Fep, indicating that the fraction iron linked to soil organic components is the one that contributes most to the availability of Fe to plants.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Atomic Energy Commission Report NP-2073

The purpose of this work was to find testing procedures which would enable one to judge the behavior of aluminum and its alloys towards tap-water by means of laboratory experiments

Iron Availability in Tropical Soils and Iron Uptake by Plants

ABSTRACT Given the increase in crop yields and the expansion of agriculture in low fertility soils, deficiency of micronutrients, such as iron, in plants grown in tropical soils has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate Fe availability and Fe uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) plants in 13 different soils, at two depths. Iron was extracted by Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and CaCl2 (Fe-CC) and was fractionated in forms related to low (Feo) and high (Fed) crystallinity pedogenic oxyhydroxides, and organic matter (Fep) using ammonium oxalate, dithionite-citrate, and sodium pyrophosphate, respectively. In order to relate Fe availability to soil properties and plant growth, an experiment was carried out in a semi-hydroponic system in which part of the roots developed in a nutrient solution (without Fe) and part in the soil (the only source of Fe). Forty-five days after seeding, we quantified shoot dry matter and leaf Fe concentration and content. Fed levels were high, from 5 to 132 g kg-1, and Feo and Fe-CC levels were low, indicating the predominance of Fe as crystalline oxyhydroxides and a low content of Fe readily available to plants. The extraction solutions showed significant correlations with various soil properties, many common to both, indicating that they act similarly. The correlation between the Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extraction solutions was highly significant. However, these two extraction methods were inefficient in predicting Fe availability to plants. There was a positive correlation between dry matter and Fe levels in plant shoots, even within the ranges considered adequate in the soil and in the plant. Dry matter production and leaf Fe concentration and content were positively correlated with Fep concentration, indicating that the Fe fraction related to soil organic matter most contributes to Fe availability to plants

Iron Availability in Tropical Soils and Iron Uptake by Plants

ABSTRACT Given the increase in crop yields and the expansion of agriculture in low fertility soils, deficiency of micronutrients, such as iron, in plants grown in tropical soils has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate Fe availability and Fe uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) plants in 13 different soils, at two depths. Iron was extracted by Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and CaCl2 (Fe-CC) and was fractionated in forms related to low (Feo) and high (Fed) crystallinity pedogenic oxyhydroxides, and organic matter (Fep) using ammonium oxalate, dithionite-citrate, and sodium pyrophosphate, respectively. In order to relate Fe availability to soil properties and plant growth, an experiment was carried out in a semi-hydroponic system in which part of the roots developed in a nutrient solution (without Fe) and part in the soil (the only source of Fe). Forty-five days after seeding, we quantified shoot dry matter and leaf Fe concentration and content. Fed levels were high, from 5 to 132 g kg-1, and Feo and Fe-CC levels were low, indicating the predominance of Fe as crystalline oxyhydroxides and a low content of Fe readily available to plants. The extraction solutions showed significant correlations with various soil properties, many common to both, indicating that they act similarly. The correlation between the Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extraction solutions was highly significant. However, these two extraction methods were inefficient in predicting Fe availability to plants. There was a positive correlation between dry matter and Fe levels in plant shoots, even within the ranges considered adequate in the soil and in the plant. Dry matter production and leaf Fe concentration and content were positively correlated with Fep concentration, indicating that the Fe fraction related to soil organic matter most contributes to Fe availability to plants