A Critique of Twentieth Century Feminist Criticism

Feminist criticism arose in response to developments in the field of the feminist movement. Many thinkers such as John Stuart Mill, Mary Wollstonecraft raised their voice against the injustice done to women in every sphere of life. As this gained momentum throughout the world, feminist also awakened to the depiction and representation of women in literature which is one of the influential medium of socialization and culture. They argued that woman and womanhood are not biological facts but are given social constructs. One is not born a woman, but becomes one through culture and socialization. At first, feminist criticism was reactionary in the nature in the sense that they exposed stereotypical images of women in the literature. These images of women were promulgated by the male writers. These images of women were what men think of women. Gradually, feminist criticism moved from this phase to more constructive work. They unearthed many women writers that were either suppressed or neglected by the male literary tradition. In this way, they created a separate literary tradition of women writers. Feminist critics divided this tradition in such phases as feminine phase, feminist phase and female phase. They also studied the problems faced by female creative writers.  They used theories from post-structuralism, Marxism, psychoanalysis to study the nature of female creativity. They also realized that there is an innate difference between male and female modes of writing. Feminist critics also exposed the sexiest nature of man-made language. They also exposed phallic centrism of much of the western literary theory and criticism. They also started to study the language used by the women writers. Simon De Beauvoir, Virginia Woolf, Elaine Showalter and Juliet Mitchell are some of the feminist critics discussed in this paper

IMPLEMENTATION of AT-LEACH protocol in WSN to Improve the system Performance

Wireless sensor networks are those that are set up in places that are off-limits to people. Sensors must find the data and send it to sink nodes. Data can be routed from one source to another sink by using a variety of routing rules. An example of such a communication system is an information-sending hierarchical routing protocol. One hierarchical system where communication takes place in two stages is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH): the setup phase and the normal phase. Enhancing LEACH performance is necessary to prolong the network's lifespan. To improve outcomes, the LEACH method is coupled with the Adaptive LEACH (AT-LEACH) algorithm. However, since the board selection would transmit the recording to the sink, it should be considered on a regular basis. It ought to be adequate. In order to offer a complete solution for maximizing data aggregation in wireless sensor networks, this study introduces the AT-LEACH algorithm in conjunction with the LEACH protocol. Adaptive thresholding is used by the protocol to pick the cluster head in response to shifting network conditions. The threshold value is dynamically modified in response to network characteristics, including node density and energy levels, to guarantee the protocol's continued efficacy under various conditions

Spatial distributed phosphatome determines EGFR phosphorylation response

Autocatalytic activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) at the plasma membrane increases the sensitivity of the cell to extracellular growth factors but can also generate spontaneous receptor activation in the absence of stimulation. As a mechanism to control EGFR phosphorylation at the plasma membrane, receptor endocytosis and vesicular trafficking relocalizes activated, phosphorylated EGFR to perinuclear compartments rich in Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs), such as PTPN1, which dephosphorylate and inactivate the receptor. Although the role of few PTPs in regulating EGFR phosphorylation is known, it is unclear how PTPs that are spatially segregated in distinct cellular compartments, modulate EGFR autocatalytic activation and hence its downstream signaling. Through quantitative imaging of EGFR phosphorylation upon genetic perturbations of classical PTPs and EGFR-PTP interactions, we identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated PTPN2 and plasma membrane associated receptor-like PTPRG/J as strong, direct negative regulators of EGFR. Using single cell measurements of phosphorylation of the EGFR downstream signaling tyrosine residue Y1068, we generated a spatial-temporal reactivity map to identify local phosphatase activity. By negatively regulating EGFR phosphorylation, we deduced the role of PTPN2/PTPRJ in determining signal duration: a function that is coupled to vesicular trafficking. Furthermore, by maintaining the plasma membrane density of EGFR due to its interaction with ligandless EGFR and dephosphorylation of EGFR at Y1045 - a cCbl-ubiquitin ligase binding site, PTPN2 participates in a spatially established negative-feedback that is mediated by vesicular recycling. Through its activity on ligandless EGFR at plasma membrane, PTPRG regulates the autocatalytic activity of EGFR and influences the responsiveness of a cell to EGF dose. Altogether our findings indicate that by spatially segregating PTPs with different functional relationships to EGFR, the cell is able to sense and respond to its environment

Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Energy Storage

Since the first report of using micromechanical cleavage method to produce graphene sheets in 2004, graphene/graphene-based nanocomposites have attracted wide attention both for fundamental aspects as well as applications in advanced energy storage and conversion systems. In comparison to other materials, graphene-based nanostructured materials have unique 2D structure, high electronic mobility, exceptional electronic and thermal conductivities, excellent optical transmittance, good mechanical strength, and ultrahigh surface area. Therefore, they are considered as attractive materials for hydrogen (H2) storage and high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors, rechargeable lithium (Li)-ion batteries, Li–sulfur batteries, Li–air batteries, sodium (Na)-ion batteries, Na–air batteries, zinc (Zn)–air batteries, and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), etc., as they can improve the efficiency, capacity, gravimetric energy/power densities, and cycle life of these energy storage devices. In this article, recent progress reported on the synthesis and fabrication of graphene nanocomposite materials for applications in these aforementioned various energy storage systems is reviewed. Importantly, the prospects and future challenges in both scalable manufacturing and more energy storage-related applications are discussed

Abstract—Mobile ad hoc routing protocols allow nodes II. SPRAY AND WAIT ROUTING PROTOCOL

with wireless adaptors to communicate with one an- other This method consists of two phases without any pre-existing network infrastructure. Existing ad hoc routing protocols, while robust to rapidly changing Spray phase: For every message originating at a source node, network topology, assume the presence of a connected path message copies are initially spread forwarded by the source from source to destination. Given power limitations, the advent of short-range wireless networks, and the wide physical conditions over which ad hoc networks must be deployed, in some scenarios it is likely that this assumption is invalid. In this work, we develop techniques to deliver messages in and possibly other nodes receiving a copy to distinct relays. Wait phase: If the destination is not found in the spraying phase, each of the nodes carrying a message copy performs direct transmission (i.e. will forward the message only to its destination) [2]

Wireless Charging of Mobile Phones using Microwav

Mobile phone has become a very important and basic part of our day today life. It has become the fastest and easiest medium of communication. The mobile phones vary in their manufactures and batteries. After the battery is drained out we have to put the mobile phone for recharging. But it is a hectic task to carry the charger of mobile phones everywhere while travelling or mobile phone gets off when we urgently need it. Hence we are proposing “Wireless Charging of Mobile phones using Microwave” means recharging mobile wirelessly. This is done using Microwave. The microwave is sent with the message by the transmitter using antenna. For this we have to make minimum addition in our mobile handsets such as a sensor, a rectenna and a filter