Emigration promotion and urban unemployment

Unemployment is present in many developing countries. Thus, the government of a country that suffers from chronic unemployment often wants to emigrate some workers to foreign countries. This paper investigates whether such a policy is successful for reducing domestic unemployment.Unemployment; Emigration; Harris-Todaro model

Emigration and wage inequality in a dual economy

We examine the effect of emigration of skilled and unskilled labor on pre-existing wage gap between the skilled-unskilled labor. The results by Marjit and Kar (2005) will be confirmed also in a dual economy setup.International factor mobility, Wage inequality, Unemployment, Harris-Todaro model

Skill Formation, Capital Adjustment Cost and Wage Inequality

The paper employs a three-sector general equilibrium model for examining the consequences of an infrastructure development scheme to the education sector and an inflow of foreign capital on the skilled-unskilled wage inequality in a developing economy. The education sector faces a capital adjustment cost for which the effective unit cost of capital depends positively on the amount of capital employed. Although both infrastructure development scheme and inflows of foreign capital lead to higher skill formation, the policies produce incongruent effects on the wages of skilled and unskilled labour. Furthermore, the effects of the policies on the skilled-unskilled wage inequality depend crucially on the relative factor intensities of the low-skill and high-skill sectors. Finally, which of the two policies should the country adopt depends on the technological, institutional and trade related factors.Skill formation, skilled labour, unskilled labour, wage inequality, foreign capital, capital adjustment cost

International Migration of Labour and Skilled-Unskilled Wage Inequality

The present note develops a three sector general equilibrium structure with diverse trade pattern and imperfection in the unskilled labour market to analyze the consequences of international mobility of skilled and unskilled labour on the skilled-unskilled wage inequality in the developing economies. The analysis finds that an emigration (immigration) of either type of labour is likely to produce a favourable (an unfavourable) effect on the wage inequality. In particular, the result of emigration (immigration) of skilled labour on the relative wage inequality is counterintuitive. These results have important policy implications for an overpopulated developing country like India.Skilled labour, unskilled labour, wage inequality, emigration (immigration) of labour, labour market imperfection, diverse trade pattern

Formation of SEZ, Agricultural Productivity and Urban Unemployment

Formation of SEZ using agricultural land to promote industrialization has recently been one of most controversial policy issues in many developing economies including India. This paper critically theoretically evaluates the consequences of this policy in terms of a three-sector Harris-Todaro type general equilibrium model reasonable for a developing economy. It finds that agriculture and SEZ can grow simultaneously provided the government spends more than a critical amount on irrigation projects and other infrastructural development designed for improving the efficiency of land. Agricultural wage and aggregate employment in the economy may also improve.Special economic zone; fiscal concessions; agricultural productivity; rural wage; urban unemployment

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND WAGE INEQUALITY IN THE PRESENCE OF LABOUR MARKET IMPERFECTION

Removal of tariff restrictions from the relatively low-skill sectors; growth in foreign direct investment; and, decline of trade union strength of the unskilled workers are cited in the empirical literature as the prime factors responsible for the growing incidence of wage inequality in many of the developing countries in the liberalized trade and investment regime. This paper has made an attempt to provide a theoretical foundation of those empirical findings in terms of a three sector general equilibrium model reasonable for at least a few developing economies. The analysis of the paper has found that the wage inequality rises unambiguously due to policies like an increase in the relative price of the high-skill commodity and a reduction of import tariff from the low-skill manufacturing sector. However, an inflow of foreign capital produces a favourable effect on the wage inequality under a reasonable factor intensity condition. Interestingly, contrary to the common wisdom, a policy of labour market reform may raise the competitive unskilled wage and improve wage inequality under reasonable condition.Skilled labour, unskilled labour, wage inequality, Latin American countries, trade liberalization, labour market imperfection

Can International Factor Mobility lessen Wage Inequality in a Dual Economy?

We introduce international labor mobility in a three-sector general equilibrium model with rural-urban migration. We demonstrate that under some reasonable conditions an inflow of foreign skilled labor (capital) can reduce skilled-unskilled wage inequality.Skilled-unskilled wage inequality; rural-urban migration; Unemployment; International factor movements

Contribution of cadmium to the total amount of positron creation in a reactor-based slow positron beamline

In the slow positron beamline at the Kyoto University Research Reactor (KUR), positron creation was enhanced by increasing the gamma-ray intensity at the positron source via the reaction of¹¹³Cd(n, γ)¹¹⁴Cd. To achieve this, a cadmium (Cd) cap was attached to the positron source, surrounding it, and thus, without intentional cooling, the temperature was able to reach near the melting point of Cd via nuclear heating. In this study, the degree to which the Cd cap contributes to the quantity of positron creation was estimated by using the Monte Carlo calculation code PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System), which simulates radiation transportation and interaction with matter. As a result, the number of positrons created was found to become 2.0 ± 0.1 times higher by using the Cd cap at the KUR slow positron beamline. The use of the Cd cap was confirmed to be significantly effective for enhancing positron creation