Association of SSR markers with contents of fatty acids in olive oil and genetic diversity analysis of an olive core collection

The purpose of this research was to characterize an olive core collection using some agronomic characters and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to determine SSR markers associated with the content of fatty acids in olive oil. SSR marker analysis demonstrated the presence of a high amount of genetic variation between the olive cultivars analyzed. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated that olive cultivars did not cluster on the basis of their geographic origin. Fatty acid components of olive oil in these cultivars were determined. The results also showed that there was a great amount of variation between the olive cultivars in terms of fatty acid composition. For example, oleic acid content ranged from 57.76 to 76.9% with standard deviation of 5.10%. Significant correlations between fatty acids of olive oil were observed. For instance, a very high negative correlation (-0.812) between oleic and linoleic acids was detected. A structured association analysis between the content of fatty acids in olive oil and SSR markers was performed. STRUCTURE analysis assigned olive cultivars to two gene pools (K = 2). Assignment of olive cultivars to these gene pools was not based on geographical origin. Association between fatty acid traits and SSR markers was evaluated using the general linear model of TASSEL. Significant associations were determined between five SSR markers and stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids of olive oil. Very high associations (P < 0.001) between ssrOeUA-DCA14 and stearic acid and between GAPU71B and oleic acid indicated that these markers could be used for marker-assisted selection in olive

Identification of molecular markers associated with fruit traits in olive and assessment of olive core collection with AFLP markers and fruit traits

The purpose of this study was to characterize olive core collection with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and fruit traits and to determine AFLP markers significantly associated with these fruit characters in olive. A total of 168 polymorphic AFLP markers generated by five primer combinations and nine fruit traits were used to characterize relationships between 18 olive cultivars. Although all olive cultivars were discriminated from each other by either AFLP markers (<0.75 similarity level) or fruit traits, clustering based on the AFLP markers and fruit traits was not significantly correlated (r = 0.13). Partial clustering of olive cultivars by AFLP markers according to their geographical origin was observed. Associations of AFLP markers with fruits were determined using a multiple-regression analysis with stepwise addition of AFLP markers. Significant associations between eight AFLP markers and fruit traits were identified. While five AFLP markers demonstrated significant negative correlation with fruit and stone weight, width and length and total polyphenols (P < 0.05), three AFLP markers displayed significant positive correlation with a-tocopherol and.-tocopherol (P < 0.01). This is the first report on the association of molecular markers with fruit traits in olive. Molecular markers associated with morphological and agronomic traits could be utilized for the breeding of olive cultivars. However, the association power of these markers needs to be confirmed in larger populations, and highly correlated markers should then be converted to PCR-based DNA markers such as sequence-characterized amplified region markers for better utilization

Assessment of Genetic Relationship among Male and Female Fig Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a traditional crop in Turkey and widely cultivated around the Mediterranean areas. The gynodioecious fig species is present in two sexual forms, i.e. the domesticated fig (female tree) and the caprifig (male tree). Caprifigs are crucial for high quality fig production and breeding while, the studies on assessment of genetic relationship among caprifigs is limited. The aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity among 45 caprifigs and 2 female figs collected from four provinces in Marmara and Aegean Sea Regions of Turkey using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this work, 24 SSR markers were tested, one was monomorphic and the remaining markers amplified 82 alleles. The number of polymorphic alleles per SSR marker ranged from 2 to 7. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed from 0.18 to 0.76 and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.24 and 0.81. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.42 to 0.98. A UPGMA analysis based on Dice similarity matrix clustered fig genotypes into two main groups and similarly, STRUCTURE analysis placed fig genotypes into two different gene pools (K=2). Fig genotypes collected from the same region were not clustered together in a group indicating that the fig genotypes did not cluster on the basis of their collection sites. Our results demonstrated that caprifigs and female figs are not genetically distinct and they clustered together in a group. All fig genotypes had distinct SSR marker profiles suggesting that there were no synonyms or homonyms. These results revealed a high genetic variation among fig genotypes and 23 SSR markers were enough to discriminate all fig genotypes analysed in this study demonstrating that SSR marker system is suitable for genetic analysis in figs

Determination of Mould and Aflatoxin Contamination in Tarhana, a Turkish Fermented Food

Tarhana is a popular traditional Turkish cereal-based fermented food product mainly produced at home or at home-scale level. Some certain mould species can grow even at low moisture and pH values and produce aflatoxins in food. This study was conducted to determine aflatoksin levels in tarhana. For this purpose, a total of 138 tarhana powder samples were collected from bazaars in Istanbul and analyzed for aflatoxins, mould contamination, and some physco-chemical parameters. As a result, 32 out of 138 tarhana samples (23.2%) were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 0.7–16.8 μg/kg, whereas 29 samples contained Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranging from 0.2–13.2 μg/kg. All samples (100%) contaminated with moulds in the range of 1.4 × 101 –5.8 × 107cfu/g. The average pH, moisture and aw results were detected as 3.82, 12.71%, and 0.695, respectively

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Evaluation of epilepsy effect on psychosocial life with “Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory”

Epilepsi tekrarlayan nöbetlerle karakterize, sık görülen bir hastalıktır. Epilepsi hastalarında psikososyal sorunlar, genel popülasyondan daha fazla görülmektedir. Epilepsi hastalarında sıklıkla görülen psikososyal sorunlar; sosyal izolasyon, sosyal adaptasyon sorunları, benlik saygısında azalma, okul performansında düşme, iş bulmada güçlükler, depresyon, anksiyete, damgalanma, sosyalliğin ve evlilik yaşamının bozulmasıdır. Psikososyal faktörler epilepsi hastalarında kronik maluliyetin önemli yönlerini gösterir. Bu çalışmada epilepsili hastaların psikosoyal durumlarını kapsamlı ve çok yönlü bir test olan Washington Psikososyal Nöbet Ölçeği (WPNÖ) ile tespit etmek planlanmıştır. Psikososyal duruma etki edebilecek geçirilen nöbet tipi, nöbet sıklığı, hastalık süresi, ilaç kullanımı gibi epilepsi ile ilgili faktörlerin belirlenmesi, hastaların tedaviye uyumu ve epilepsinin psikososyal alandaki etkileri saptanması ve bunların ışığında hastaların problemlerine toplumsal/ kurumsal çözümler üretmede ve psikososyal rehabilitasyon hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesinde rehber olacak bir çalışma olması planlanmıştır. Washington Psikososyal Nöbet Ölçeği Carl B.Dodrill ve arkadaşları tarafından epileptik nöbetleri olan hastalar için geliştirilmiştir. WPNÖ 132 soru ve sekiz alt ölçekten oluşmaktadır. Bu alt ölçekler; aile geçmişi, duygusal uyum, kişiler arası uyum, iş uyumu, mali durum, nöbetlere uyum, tedaviye uyum ve genel psikososyal fonksiyonların değerlendirilmesidir. İlgili sorulara verilen cevaplar her bölümün skorunu oluşturmaktadır. WPSI uygulandıktan sonra her bir hastaya ait 8 alt ölçek sonuçları 'Hasta Profil Formu’ na işlenerek yorumlanmıştır. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji Polikliniği'nde Ağustos 2012 ve Mayıs 2013 tarihleri arasında değerlendirilen 249 hasta çalışmaya alınmıştır. Okuryazar, 16 ile 65 yaş aralığında olan, kesin epilepsi tanısı konmuş, mental retardasyonu olmayan ve psikososyal hayatını etkileyebilecek ek hastalığı olmayan hastalar dahil edilerek hastaların demografik özellikleri ve nöbetle ilgili verileri kaydedilmiştir. Bu hastalara uygulanan Washington Psikososyal Nöbet Ölçeği ' nin değerlendirilmesinde Carl B.Dodrill ve Laurence W.Batzel tarafından geliştirilmiş bir bilgisayar programı kullanılmıştır. Hastaların demografik verileri ve nöbetle ilgili özellikleri, WPNÖ’ nin klinik alt skalaları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma sonucunda; mali durum ölçeğinde erkeklerin kadınlardan daha çok problemle karşılaştığı saptanmış, hastaların eğitim düzeyi arttıkça birçok alt ölçekte problem yaşama oranının düştüğü, eğitim seviyesi azaldıkça özellikle duygusal durum, kişiler arası uyum, iş uyumu, nöbetlere uyum ve genel psikososyal fonksiyonlar açısından belirgin sorunlar yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların nöbet sıklığı ile WPNÖ alt skalaları karşılaştırıldığında nöbet sıklığı arttıkça psikososyal problemlerin belirgin arttığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Politerapi uygulanan epilepsi hastalarında monoterapi alanlara göre 8 alanın 5’ inde (duygusal uyum, kişilerarası ilişkiler, iş uyumu, nöbetlere uyum ve genel psikososyal fonksiyonların değerlendirilmesi ölçeklerinde) daha fazla problem yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Yaş ile tedaviye uyum ölçeğinde, başlangıç yaşı ile duygusal uyum, kişiler arası ilişkiler, iş hayatına uyum ve genel psikososyal fonksiyonların değerlendirilmesi ölçeklerinde çok zayıf negatif bir ilişki ortaya konmuştur. Yaş arttıkça tedaviye uyum profilindeki skor küçülmekte bu da tedaviye daha iyi uyum olduğunu, daha az problem yaşandığını göstermektedir. Daha geç yaşta epilepsiye yakalananların duygusal uyumu, kişiler arası ilişkileri, iş hayatına uyumu ve genel psikososyal fonksiyonlara uyumu daha kolay olmaktadır. Epilepsi süresi ile iş uyumu ve kişiler arası uyum ölçeklerinde de çok zayıf bir ilişki ortaya konmuştur. Epilepsi süresi arttıkça iş uyumu ve nöbetlere uyum daha zor olmaktadır. Bu çalışma Türkiye’ de epilepsi hastalarının psikososyal durumunu belirlemeye yönelik yapılmış en geniş hasta katılımlı çalışma olup epilepsi hastalarının psikososyal hayatının eğitim düzeyinin düşük olmasından, nöbetlerin sıklığından ve politerapiden olumsuz yönde etkilendiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmamda WPNÖ’ nde elde edilen skorların Almanya, Japonya ve Finlandiya gibi gelişmiş birçok ülkeye göre yüksek saptanması, ülkemizde epilepsi hastalarının tedavisinin daha multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla ele alınması gerektiğini, hastaya ve ailesine yönelik psikolojik destek tedavilere yer verilmesinin gerekliliğine dikkati çekmektedir. Bu çalışma; Türkiye’deki epilepsi hastalarının tıbbi bakım ihtiyaçlarının yanı sıra psikolojik, mesleki ve sosyal rehabilitasyona ihtiyaç duyduğunu objektif bir şekilde ortaya koymuştur. Bu nedenle hasta epilepsi tanısını alır almaz tıbbi gereksinimlerin sağlanmasının yanı sıra epilepsili yetişkin bireylerin hastalık hakkında bilgi düzeyleri, hastalığı algılayış şekli, tedaviye uyumu etkileyen faktörler değerlendirilerek, hastalarının ve ailelerinin gereksinimleri planlanmalıdır. Epilepsy is a common disease characterized with recurring seizures. In epilepsy patients, psychosocial problems are more common than general population. Social isolation, social adaptation issues, decline in self-respect, decrease in school performance, problems with find a job, depression, anxiety, stigma, deterioration of social life and marriage are seen on epilepsy patients. Psychosocial factors show important aspects of chronic disabilities in epilepsy patients. This study planned to determine psychosocial status of epilepsy patients with comprehensive and multidirectional Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI). The study was planned according to become a guideline in order to determine seizure type, seizure frequency, disease period, drug usage, compliance to treatment and psychosocial effects of epilepsy, and with these information producing communal/corporal solutions and developing psychosocial rehabilitation centers. Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory was developed by Carl B Dodrill et al for patients with epileptic seizures. WPSI is consists of 132 questions and eight sub-inventories. These sub-inventories are evaluations of family history, emotional balance, compliance between people, compliance with work, financial condition, compliance with seizures, compliance with treatment, and general psychosocial functions. Answers to related questions make up each chapter’s score. After appliance of WPSI, eight sub-inventory results were interpreted with recording to “Patient Profile Form”. We included 249 patients evaluated between August 2012 and May 2013 in Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Neurology Clinic. Patients who were literate, aged between 16 and 65, with definite diagnosis of epilepsy, with no mental retardation and disease that can interfere with psychosocial life were included in the study. Their data of demographic information and seizures were recorded. A computer program developed by Carl B. Dodrill and Laurence W. Batzel was used for evaluating Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory. Patients’ demographic information and seizure features were compared with WPSI’s clinic sub-inventories. As a result of this comparison, we found that men tend to have more problems than women, problems would decrease in many subinventories if the education status was higher, with low educational status problems would be seen especially in emotional status, compliance with people, work compliance, seizure compliance and general psychosocial functions. When patients seizure frequency and WPSI sub-inventories were compared, we found that more psychosocial problems emerged with higher frequency of seizures. Patients who are receiving polytheraphy tended to more problems in five of the eight sub-inventories (emotional balance, compliance with people, work compliance, seizure compliance and general psychosocial function evaluation) than in patients who are receiving monotheraphy. In age and treatment compliance inventory, starting age and emotional balance, compliance with people, work compliance and general psychosocial function evaluation inventories showed very little negative relationship. As the age increases, treatment compliance inventory score decreases, which means that there is a better compliance with treatment with less problems. Patients who were diagnosed with epilepsy in later ages show more compliance with people, work and general psychosocial functions. Epilepsy duration with work compliance and compliance with people showed very weak relationship. As the duration of epilepsy increases, work compliance and seizure compliance becomes harder. This study is the largest study done in Turkey for showing psychosocial status of epilepsy patients, and found that psychosocial life is affected negatively by low education level, higher frequency of seizures and polytheraphy. In addition, higher scores of WPSI were obtained than in many developed countries such as Germany, Japan and Finland, which points that treatment of epilepsy should be multidisciplinary and include psychological support treatments for the patient and the family. This study objectively states that epilepsy patient in Turkey are in need of psychological, occupational and social rehabilitation as much as medical care. For this reason, adults with epilepsy should be questioned for knowledge about the disease, perception of the disease, evaluated for factors that affect treatment compliance as soon as they receive the diagnosis and medical treatment, and needs of the patient and the family should be planned