Modifying traffic routes and bus stations down town "Hamedan" using geographically informational systems(GIS)

As  we  Know, all of  the  urban  regions  are  developed  by  increasing  population, social- economical  activities  and  also  demands  for  exploiting  facilities  and  infrastructure  in  those  areas. Transportation  is  one  of  the  infrastructure  facing  the  increase  of  demands  in  cities. Referring  to  this  matter, it  can  be  understood  that  most  of  the  cities  in  developing  countries  as  Iran, having  developed  considerably  during  the  recent  decades, include  different  problems  in  intra  city  transportation. So, they should change their public transport system. "Hamedan"  is  a  city, while  developing, has  had  a  special  situation  in  extending  travels  or  journeys, up  to  now, but  it  cannot  provide  enough  welfare  services  for  its  own  citizens. In  other  words, this  city  is  lacking  improved  transportation  systems  to  be  able  to  meet  these  needs  or  demands. Because  of  this, it  seems  necessary  the  transport  planning  processes  the  so -  called  city  to  be  corrected. According  to  the  investigation  here, since  there  are  not  any  intra  city  railroads  in  "Hamedan"  and  citizens  have  no  choice  except  travelling  to  other  cities  by  bus, it  will  be  essential  to  improve  this  system. Developing  the  transportation  system  and  the  level  of  urban  activities  in  the  central  part  of  "Hamedan "   during  the  past  90  years  have  been  caused  by  the  radius  Plan  implemented  within  urbanization  processes  in  this  period  of  time.  Moreover, the  quality  of  bus  service  system  in  that  city  has  decreased  because  of  increasing  population, traffic, urban  trips  and  demands  for  travelling  through  the  city  center. The  main  aim  of  this  study  is  to  analyze  the  bus  service  transport  system  in   " Hamedan"   city  center  applying  a  geographical  information  structures  and  present  some  suggestions  for  bus  lanes  to  be  modified  in  this  part, too. Key words: Public transportation, bus (service) lanes, geographical informational systems

Ketorolac versus Magnesium Sulfate in Migraine Headache Pain Management; a Preliminary Study

Introduction: Migraine is a common cause of emergency department (ED) visits. To date, there is no recommended drug of choice for pain management of these patients. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ketorolac and magnesium sulfate in this regard. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on all 18 - 60 year-old patients, visiting two different EDs with complaint of moderate to severe migraine headache. Patients were treated with 30 mg ketorolac in one hospital and 1 gram magnesium sulfate in the other. Pain scores were assessed on arrival, 1 and 2 hours after drugs administration and quality of pain management was compared between two groups using SPSS 22. Results: 70 patients with the mean age of 36.4 ± 11.4 years were enrolled (51.4% male). The two groups were similar regarding baseline characteristics (p > 0.05). The improvement in pain score in magnesium sulfate group was greater than Ketorolac group after both one hour (6 vs 3; p < 0.001) and two hours (7 vs 5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: It seems that both ketorolac and magnesium sulfate are significantly effective in pain control of patients with migraine headache presenting to the emergency department. Magnesium sulfate was superior to ketorolac both one and two hours after drug administration

Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect via GRID Radiotherapy and Medium Transfer in the A-375 Human Melanoma Cancer Cell Line: An In-vitro Study

Purpose: The goal of this research was to investigate the bystander effect in the A-375 cell line under the spatially fractionated radiation therapy (GRID therapy technique). In GRID therapy, due to direct and indirect cell damage after high-dose radiation, evaluation of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects (RIBE) is of the most importance for investigating the risk of therapy. Materials and Methods: The potential role of RIBE was evaluated with different doses of 6 MeV electron radiation and different incubation times after irradiation using two methods; GRID therapy and medium transfer. Colony Formation Assay (CFA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test were used to detect the mentioned effects. Alpha and beta parameters were calculated from the cell survival curve by the quadratic-linear model. Results: The result showed that the survival fraction significantly decreases by increasing the radiation dose for both bystander and irradiated cells. However, a decrease in the number of colony-forming cells caused by electron radiation greater than 4MeV to target cells was significantly increased compared with bystander cells (P 0.05). Furthermore, the RIBE level in non-target cells increased up to a dose of 4Gy, but decreased significantly at doses higher than 4Gy. This result in high doses confirmed that a negative feedback mechanism was responsible for reducing the RIBE response. Conclusion: Based on the results, we can state there are classic radiation-induced bystander effects in A-375 monolayer exposed by GRID therapy and medium transfer technique, which can play an important role in pre-clinical and clinical studies

Large Volume Paracentesis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Temporarily Diminishes Blood Cell Count

Background: Large-volume paracentesis is the preferred treatment for patients with severe and refractory ascites. Several complications were reported during therapeutical paracentesis. However, there are very few published studies on the change in blood cell count after paracentesis. This study aimed to evaluate any changes in blood cell counts after ascites fluid drainage. Methods: This study was conducted on patients with severe ascites and chronic liver disease who underwent large-volume paracentesis at Namazi Hospital, in Shiraz, Iran, between March 2021 and February 2022. A data gathering form containing the patient’s medical history, cause of cirrhosis, ascites fluid volume, as well as routine tests including primarily sodium, potassium, and basal creatinine, was filled out. Before and after the surgery, the total blood cell count was measured. Before the procedure, adjustment was made in the case of coagulopathy and albumin deficiency. The effect of factors such as the volume of drained fluid, splenomegaly, antibiotics, and steroid use was assessed on the changes in the number of blood cells. Using the JAMOVI 2.3.9 software, a paired t test and multiple regression were applied for statistical analysis (P0.001).Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that children with tense ascites who had large-volume paracentesis might experience a sharp drop in blood cell count after the procedure, which was a transient physiological condition

Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) in Iran and its neighboring countries, 1990–2015

BACKGROUND: Summary measures of health are essential in making estimates of health status that are comparable across time and place. They can be used for assessing the performance of health systems, informing effective policy making, and monitoring the progress of nations toward achievement of sustainable development goals. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) as main summary measures of health. We assessed the trends of health status in Iran and 15 neighboring countries using these summary measures. METHODS: We used the results of GBD 2015 to present the levels and trends of DALYs, life expectancy (LE), and HALE in Iran and its 15 neighboring countries from 1990 to 2015. For each country, we assessed the ratio of observed levels of DALYs and HALE to those expected based on socio-demographic index (SDI), an indicator composed of measures of total fertility rate, income per capita, and average years of schooling. RESULTS: All-age numbers of DALYs reached over 19 million years in Iran in 2015. The all-age number of DALYs has remained stable during the past two decades in Iran, despite the decreasing trends in all-age and age-standardized rates. The all-cause DALY rates decreased from 47,200 in 1990 to 28,400 per 100,000 in 2015. The share of non-communicable diseases in DALYs increased in Iran (from 42% to 74%) and all of its neighbors between 1990 and 2015; the pattern of change is similar in almost all 16 countries. The DALY rates for NCDs and injuries in Iran were higher than global rates and the average rate in High Middle SDI countries, while those for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders were much lower in Iran. Among men, cardiovascular diseases ranked first in all countries of the region except for Bahrain. Among women, they ranked first in 13 countries. Life expectancy and HALE show a consistent increase in all countries. Still, there are dissimilarities indicating a generally low LE and HALE in Afghanistan and Pakistan and high expectancy in Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. Iran ranked 11th in terms of LE at birth and 12th in terms of HALE at birth in 1990 which improved to 9th for both metrics in 2015. Turkey and Iran had the highest increase in LE and HALE from 1990 to 2015 while the lowest increase was observed in Armenia, Pakistan, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Iraq. CONCLUSIONS: The levels and trends in causes of DALYs, life expectancy, and HALE generally show similarities between the 16 countries, although differences exist. The differences observed between countries can be attributed to a myriad of determinants, including social, cultural, ethnic, religious, political, economic, and environmental factors as well as the performance of the health system. Investigating the differences between countries can inform more effective health policy and resource allocation. Concerted efforts at national and regional levels are required to tackle the emerging burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries in Iran and its neighbors

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

A comparative study on the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and schema therapy (ST) on problem solving styles in people with heart diseases

The aim of present study was to compare the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on problem solving styles in heart patients. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and two experimental groups and one unbalanced control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with heart diseases referred to the Nuclear Medicine Center in 2017 in Tehran for diagnostic examinations and cardiac scans.  The study sample consisted of 45 people (15 people in the acceptance and commitment therapy group, 15 people in the schema therapy group and 15 people in the control group). They were selected by a non-random convenience sampling method and were randomly allocated to three groups.  To collect research data, Cassidy and Long (1996) standard problem solving styles questionnaire (Aga Yousefi and Sharif, 2011) was used.  After performing the pre-test for all three groups, the experimental groups received acceptance and commitment treatment protocol (Wells and Sorrell, 2007; Mesgarian, 2012) for 12 sessions (1 session per week of 120 minutes) and the schema therapy protocol (Young et al., 2012; Hamidpour and Andoz, 2012) for 10 sessions (1 session per week of 120 minutes).&nbsp

Suspended sediment prediction using integrative soft computing models: on the analogy between the butterfly optimization and genetic algorithms

The present study investigates the capability of two metaheuristic optimization approaches, namely the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and the Genetic Algorithm (GA), integrated with machine learning models in Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) prediction. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) are applied as the predictive data-driven models. Independent input variables, i.e., the water temperature (T), river discharge (Q), and specific conductance (SC) are used for the prediction of SSL based on several statistical indices. The results indicate that the performances of all studied models were close to one another; moreover, the metaheuristic algorithms were found to increase the accuracy of the ANFIS and ANN models for approximately 11.73 percent and 4.30 percent, respectively. In general, the BOA outperformed the GA in enhancing the optimization performance of the learning process in the applied machine learning models

Evaluating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on self-regulation of maladjusted couples

The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of group-based acceptance and commitment therapy on self-regulation of maladjusted couples. This study was conducted by using a quasi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included maladjusted couples in the age range of 20 to 50 years in Districts 4 and 5 of Tehran. Among them, 80 people were selected by a convenience sampling and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.  A self-regulation inventory (25 questions) was used to collect data and according to the research design, the subjects were assessed in two stages of before and after the group training. The treatment program was performed for 7 sessions of 90 minutes for the couples in the experimental group, but the control group received no intervention during the study. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software. Results revealed that self-regulation scores and their dimensions in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group.&nbsp

A Hazard and Operability Study for Assessing Hazard Risks using Fault Tree Analysis in an Iranian Petrochemical Industry Unit (2016)

Background: Risk assessment is an important tool for reducing casualties and financial damage in the oil and gas industry. This research aimed to identify and evaluate process hazards in the petrochemical industry in 2016. Material and Methods: In this case study, a team was organized and briefed on the process. Besides, hazard identification was performed using the Hazard and Operability Study. Next, causes were analyzed using the Fault Tree Analysis and occurrence probability of top events. Finally, events and subevents were ranked. The minimum cut sets were determined using Boolean algebra. Results: A total of 77 events were identified. Accordingly, unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk levels were 41, 31, and 5 events, respectively. Fire was the most unacceptable risk level, with the final events of "human errors in correct gasket installation on the flange surface" and "flange defects" having had the shares of 51.2 and 21.55%, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of the two HAZOP and FTA techniques is useful in process industries in which incomplete performance of the system and control systems is the most effective factor in the potential occurrence of fire. Human errors and flange defects are the two main factors in this event, so occupational safety and health must be improved in this system. Thus, due to complex interactions between humans, machines, materials, and the environment in systems, such as the petrochemical industry, which lead to uncertainties in safety results of the process, risk assessment is recommended to be performed periodically using different techniques