Intergranular Corrosion of 2024 Alloy in Chloride Solutions

Experiments were performed to determine the propagation kinetics of intergranular corrosion on 2024 aluminum alloy immersed in 1 and 3 M chloride solutions. Tests consisting of immersion in a corrosive solution followed by optical observations on sectioned samples were carried out. This method was found to be time consuming and led to a lack of reproducibility due to the random nature of the corrosion attacks. Another method proved to be more efficient; it consisted of measuring the load to failure on precorroded tensile specimens vs preimmersion time in an aggressive environment. This method was found to allow the mean depth of the corrosion defects to be determined. Further, in 1 and 3 M chloride solution, intergranular corrosion led to the formation of a nonbearing zone, the thickness of which was equal to the mean depth of the corrosion defects. This corroded zone explained the premature failure of the specimens when a uniaxial tensile stress was applied

Research and Action on Intimate Partner Violence: Interdisciplinary Convergence of Cultural Community Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology

An analysis of the respective organizational histories, missions, and scholarly activity of the International Association for Cross-cultural Psychology (IACCP) and the Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA) indicates many points of shared values and actions, as well as some important differences. Both scholarly organizations developed out of a similar historical and cultural zeitgeist in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Our missions emphasize the role of culture/diversity in psychological phenomena, adopting an interdisciplinary orientation, the value of collaboration, the importance of research methods and ethics, and the value of action research. However, community psychology generally lacks an adequate treatment of cultural phenomena, while cross-cultural psychology often fails to draw on community and participatory methods useful for understanding culture in context. In this chapter, we examine these common roots and differences and then briefly present a study1 of intimate partner violence (IPV) in a community of Latinos in the United States that illustrates the benefits of an interdisciplinary, cultural community psychology. Finally, we propose several actions to develop further an interdisciplinary collaboration between the two fields

Gendered Self-Views across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings

External validation of a mammography-derived AI-based risk model in a U.S. breast cancer screening cohort of White and Black women

Despite the demonstrated potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in breast cancer risk assessment for personalizing screening recommendations, further validation is required regarding AI model bias and generalizability. We performed external validation on a U.S. screening cohort of a mammography-derived AI breast cancer risk model originally developed for European screening cohorts. We retrospectively identified 176 breast cancers with exams 3 months to 2 years prior to cancer diagnosis and a random sample of 4963 controls from women with at least one-year negative follow-up. A risk score for each woman was calculated via the AI risk model. Age-adjusted areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) were estimated for the entire cohort and separately for White and Black women. The Gail 5-year risk model was also evaluated for comparison. The overall AUC was 0.68 (95% CIs 0.64-0.72) for all women, 0.67 (0.61-0.72) for White women, and 0.70 (0.65-0.76) for Black women. The AI risk model significantly outperformed the Gail risk model for all wome

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

Community, Identity, and Masculinity: Changing Men in a Mutual Support Group

218 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997.The trustworthiness of the account was bolstered by members' appropriation of the research method into their group process, their verification of the transcripts, and an analysis of negative, discrepant cases. Nonetheless, the description should be critically evaluated in the context of its Jungian and Ericksonian views of gender and development.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

Multiple Perspectives on How Intimate Partner Violence Surrogate Impact Panels Affect Abusive Partners

Restorative justice programs, including surrogate impact panels, are increasingly used to address intimate partner violence (IPV) but research has not assessed adequately how panels may affect participating abusive partners. This article reports the perceived impacts of surrogate impact panels on justice-involved individuals (JIIs) who attended a panel as part of their batterer intervention programs (BIPs) using surveys of JIIs (N = 289) and focus groups or interviews with panelist speakers, JIIs, and BIP providers. Findings suggest that JIIs can connect with speakers, reach new understandings of IPV, and express emotional impact/intent to change. The findings can inform decisions to use panels as part of IPV interventions

Methodological and Institutional Considerations for the Use of 360-Degree Video and Pet Animals in Human Subject Research: an Experimental Case Study from the United States.

Head-mounted virtual-reality headsets and virtual-reality content have experienced large technological advances and rapid proliferation over the last years. These immersive technologies bear great potential for the facilitation of the study of human decision-making and behavior in safe, perceptually realistic virtual environments. Best practices and guidelines for the effective and efficient use of 360-degree video in experimental research is also evolving. In this paper, we summarize our research group\u27s experiences with a sizable experimental case study on virtual-reality technology, 360-degree video, pet animals, and human participants. Specifically, we discuss the institutional, methodological, and technological challenges encountered during the implementation of our 18-month-long research project on human emotional response to short-duration 360-degree videos of human-pet interactions. Our objective in this paper is to contribute to the growing body of research on 360-degree video and to lower barriers related to the conceptualization and practice of research at the intersection of virtual-reality experiences, 360-degree video, live animals, and human behavior. Practical suggestions for human-subject researchers interested in utilizing virtual-reality technology, 360-degree videos, and pet animals as a part of their research are discussed

How Surrogate Impact Panels Function in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: A Mixed-Methods Study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be an urgent social problem, despite decades of intervention and prevention efforts. Restorative justice programs (e.g., victim impact panels) may be a useful addition to intimate partner violence (IPV) intervention, but it is unclear how these panels operate and to what extent they are consistent with restorative justice models. This naturalistic study of IPV surrogate impact panels used ethnographic observation of panels (n = 18), archival analysis of audience responses to the panel (N = 287), and focus groups and interviews (k = 4) with IPV survivors, an audience member, and batterer intervention providers to investigate these gaps. Findings suggest the panels manifest interactional processes consistent with restorative justice principles. Implications, limitations, and future aims of research on these panels are discussed

What Does It Mean to Be a Real Man? Asian American College Men\u27s Masculinity Ideology

The majority of research on masculinity ideology has been conducted using quantitative measures developed with predominantly European American samples. The cultural homogeneity embedded in these measures’ development brings into question their validity and reliability when applied to other populations of men such as Asian American men. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the characteristics that Asian American men identify when describing ideal masculinity. Heterosexual Asian American college men (N = 89) were asked, “What does it mean to be a real man?” Themes deduced from normative masculinity expectations and inductive themes were applied to participants’ responses to identify themes reflecting a widely used measure of traditional masculinity ideology as well as those that may be unique and/or particularly relevant to Asian American men. Participant responses included more themes that are not covered by the standard measure of traditional masculinity ideology than those that are. Future studies should investigate the distribution (e.g., clustering or normality) of traditional and culturally specific male role norm beliefs, examine masculinity ideology in combination with other Asian cultural factors (e.g., loss of face, acculturation/enculturation), and develop culturally responsive quantitative measures of masculinity ideology for Asian American men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved