Utilization of Green Tea Extract on Anti-aging Cream with Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ): Physical Stability Aspect

Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is a potent natural ingredient with flavonoid content that can be used as an antioxidant and anti-aging for skincare products. The formula containing green tea extract is usually formulated as oil in water emulsion or cream. The active components of green tea are catechins which are characterized as less stable against oxidation. Therefore, it is needed to add other antioxidants such as ButylatedHydroxy Toluene (BHT) and Tertiary–Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) to protect the product from degradation. The aim of this study was to obtain a physically stable antiaging cream formula. Each formula was tested for physical stability by measuring several variables including organoleptic, pH, relative density, viscosity, and flow properties, as well as droplet size. Accelerated stability testing is carried out for 3 mo at 40 °C and 75 % relative humidity. The results found that cream with the BHT formula is more stable than the TBHQ formula in terms of the parameters of density and droplet size. While the TBHQ formula only gave better stability in pH, the other variables from both formulas remain stable in 3 mo. It can be concluded that the green tea extract cream with BHT antioxidant is more stable than the TBHQ

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CIGARETTE AND WATERPIPE SMOKING WITH GLYCEMIC CONTROL AMONG PATIENTS WITH T2DM ATTENDING AT THE National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics NCDEG

Objective: Smoking is one of the modifiable risk factors for multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, and diabetes. As smoking aggravates the insulin resistance already presented in T2DM, it contributes to increasing glucose in the bloodstream, thus the risk for developing diabetes complications also rises. The association between tobacco smoking and glycemic control may explain the role of smoking in increasing the risk of diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study is to measure the association between cigarette smoking and waterpipe (WP) smoking on Glycemic control. Design and Setting: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the NCDEG in Amman, Jordan. Methods: This study recruited 879 male participants. The target population consisted of all male patients diagnosed with T2DM, who had two or more regular visits to the Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic. The sample was collected during the period from 15 November 2015 to 15 March 2016. All patients attending the center during the study period were asked to take part in the study. The study subjects were selected using a systematic random sample selection (every two patients) from the nursing room. Results: In the study sample, 65.1% of male participants did not achieve the target level of HbA1c with a mean 7.6 (SD±1.21); the age of the participants ranged between 30 and 90 years with a mean of 58 years (SD±11); the mean duration of diabetes was 9.9 (±7.2) years. In the present study, 65.1% participants did not achieve the recommended target level for glycemic control (HbA1c &lt;7). About 43% of the participants were smokers. An overall 32.3% were cigarette smokers, 69.6% of whom were of poor glycemic control; 7.3% were water pipe smokers, 71.4% of whom had poor glycemic control, and the remaining 3.7% were dual (cigarettes and WP) smokers of whom 75% were of poor glycemic control. This study reported, on overall smoking, cigarette smoking and dual smoking were significantly associated with poor glycemic control (p-values were 0.017, 0.032) respectively, after adjustment of other confounders including duration of diabetes, age of patients 65 years old and above, drug adherence, dietary adherence and waist circumference. On the other hand, participants on waterpipe alone were less likely to have good glycemic control compared with non-smokers, although it was a positive association but not a significant one. In our study, the number of cigarettes smoked was not significant at using binary logistic regression analysis. However, the chi-square test indicated that glycemic control differed significantly between participants according to the number of cigarettes smoked.  Conclusion: Most of diabetic smokers did not achieve the target level of glycemic control. Smoking cigarettes and waterpipe smoking were found to have a significant association with poor glycemic control, after adjustment of other confounders such as duration of DM, age, drug adherence, dietary adherence and waist circumference. Keywords: Glycemic control, Diabetes, Cigarette smoking, Water pipe smoking, T2

Formulation of a Synbiotic Beverage Based on Red Bean with Addition of Inulin Dahlia Tuber

This study aims to determine the effect of adding inulin to synbiotic beverage chemical and organoleptic properties. The study consisted of two stages, the first stage was the isolation of inulin from dahlia tubers and the second stage was the manufacture of synbiotic beverage. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with one factor, namely the concentration of dahlia tuber inulin added with a concentration level of 0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, and 7 %. One-factor research with two replications has ten experimental units with research variables: qualitative dahlia tuber inulin, synbiotic beverage water content, ash content, lipid content, protein content, fiber content, and organoleptic tests. The addition of inulin significantly affected the chemical variables of ash, lipid, protein, and fiber, and organoleptic variables of aroma, texture, colour, and taste. The best treatment results from this study were F0 treatment with the addition of 1 % inulin concentration resulting in 85 % water content, 0.14 % ash content, 3.58 % protein content, 0.32 % lipid content, and 1.76 % fiber content. The best treatment organoleptic results were 4.96 % aroma variables, 5.20 % texture, 4.96 % colour, and 4.60 % taste variables

Metabolite Profiling of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Following Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Infection

Black rice as a functional food contains a high anthocyanin content, which functions as an antioxidant. However, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) has resulted in a reduction in yield. Black rice has been reported to have a higher resistance to BLB than white rice cultivars. This study aimed to determine the metabolite responses of two black rice cultivars, �Melik' and �Pari Ireng', compared to two white rice cultivars, �IR64' and �Java14', after infection with Xoo pathotype IV and mock negative control. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the metabolite profiling analysis, followed by the quantification of total phenolic concentration (TPC) and total flavonoid concentration (TFC). Across all cultivars, the results revealed that following Xoo infection, there were significantly higher concentrations of primary metabolites including sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, glycerol, and some organic acids. In �Pari Ireng' and �Melik' cultivars, sugars including fructose, and gluco-hexodialdose were significantly higher than the white cultivars following the infection. The infection significantly increased the TPC of all cultivars. �Java 14� contained the highest TPC while �Pari Ireng� was observed as cultivars with the highest TFC. These results suggested that pigmented rice cultivars possess a different chemical defense strategy from the white ones to respond to Xoo infection. © 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All Rights Reserved

Mass Production of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Root Cultures in Indonesia

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is one of the most well-known plants in traditional medicine that contains bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. It is widely used as raw material in many pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia. However, to supply for this purpose, they still rely on imports. PT. Kalbe Farma (through its subsidiary, PT. Bintang Toedjoe), University of Surabaya (Ubaya), and Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (holding company of Kyung Hee University) established the Kalbe Ubaya Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (KUH Lab), a collaboration initiated to achieve the independence of raw materials. This laboratory is devoted to developing the plant tissue culture protocol for the mass production of P. ginseng root cultures. This paper is the first report of in vitro P. ginseng culture in Indonesia. The initial stage of the mass production focused on optimizing the culture conditions: inoculum weight (100 g, 150 g, 200 g), medium volume (12 L, 13 L, 14 L), medium formulation (“A”, “B”), and incubation temperature (15 °C to 20 °C and 21°C to 25 °C). Based on the biomass yield and ginsenosides content, it was concluded that the optimum growth condition was 150 g of the initial inoculum grown in 13 L of media using formulation B and incubation at 21°C to 25 °C. In the long-term, KUH Lab aims to produce P. ginseng on an industrial scale to sufficiently supply the demands for P. ginseng in the country. Furthermore, this laboratory also intends to make standardized Indonesian herbal materials by using plant tissue culture

Food Waste Product for Overcoming Heat Stress in Broilers

Broiler farms in tropical areas have to deal with heat stress. Dried rice, a waste recycle product cheaper than corn, contains resistant starch that is mostly excluded from calorie-emanating metabolism yet advantageous for digestion. This study analyzes its potential to function as heat stress suppressor. Employing completely randomized design of three treatments in five repetitions, variables observed were panting frequency, heart weight, and blood profiles (leukocyte, heterophile, lymphocyte, and H:L ratio). The data gained were run through ANOVA, followed by LSD. T1 was of 100 % basal feed, T2 20 % dried rice spread atop 80 % basal feed, and T3 20 % dried rice thoroughly mixed with 80 % basal feed. The lowest panting frequency was of T2 (2.7 s −1 ), significantly different from T3 (2.9 s−1 ) and T1 (3.1 s −1 ). The lowest heart weight was also of T2 (0.44 mg 100 g −1 ), followed by T3 (0.49 mg 100 g −1 ) and T1 (0.57 mg 100 g −1 ). As of blood properties, the lowest H:L ratio was of T1 (0.22), significantly different from T3 (0.47) and T2 (0.59). To sum it up, dried rice is influential in relieving heat stress in broiler

Evaluation of Coffee Pulp Waste from Coffee Cultivation Areas in Indonesia as Iron Booster

The research aimed to reduce the amount of coffee pulp (CP) as a pollutant and turn it into Coffee Cherry Fluor (CCF) as a functional food. CCF is expected to serve a function as a non-heme iron source to treat anemia. Further, reusing CP should be able to boost the circulation of economy. Six CP samples from three Arabica coffee areas (highlands of Mount Batur, Mount Ijen, and Mount Arjuno) in Indonesia were compared to La Boite CCF, a commercial product made in Brazil. Variables observed were iron contents which is determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer, vitamin C contents as enhancers by Iodimetric titration, total phenol contents as inhibitors by Folin-Ciocalteu method, tannin contents by spectrophotometry method, lignin contents by Van Soest method, total plant count by ISO 4833-1, and antioxidant capacity by IC 50 in the DPPH scavenging assay. Sample disparity significance was statistically determined by ANOVA, followed by Tukey test at 95 %. Sample resemblance with La Boite CCF was tested using Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and then presented in Heat Map. Conclusively, Mengani CCF and Mengani CP Estate samples are similar to La Boite CCF regarding vitamin C and inhibitor contents. It is suggested to reduce the temperature of the artificial drying device in Mengani. Further research should cover heavy metal contents, proximate analysis, and the detail of amino acid contents as research observed variables; expanding this research in vivo to study non-heme Fe's bioavailability should also be conducted