Incidence and Clinical Associations of Childhood Acute Pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES: To establish the UK incidence and clinical associations of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children aged 0 to 14 years. METHODS: Monthly surveillance of new cases of AP in children under 15 years of age through the British Pediatric Surveillance Unit conducted from April 2013 to April 2014 (inclusive) followed by 1-year administrative follow-up for all valid cases. RESULTS: Ninety-four cases (48 boys) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria. The median age at diagnosis was 11.2 years (range 1.3–14.9). White children accounted for 61% of the cases compared with 28% from Asian and 5% from African ethnicities. Pakistani children accounted for 18 of 26 (69%) Asian patients and 19% of the total cohort. The incidence of AP in children in the United Kingdom was 0.78 per 100 000/year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.96). The incidence in Pakistani children (4.55; 95% CI 2.60–7.39) was sevenfold greater than white children (0.63; 95% CI 0.47–0.83). Of the 94 cases, 35 (37%) were idiopathic; other associations were: drug therapy, 18 (19%); gallstones, 12 (13%); hereditary, 7 (7%); organic acidemias, 7 (7%); anatomic anomalies, 5 (5%); viral infections, 3 (3%); systemic diseases, 2 (2%); and trauma 1 (1%). The most common drug associations were asparaginase (28%), azathioprine (17%), and sodium valproate (17%). CONCLUSIONS: Although still relatively uncommon in the United Kingdom, on average there is &amp;gt;1 case of childhood AP diagnosed every week. The associations of AP have changed significantly since the 1970–80s. Overrepresentation of Pakistani children is worthy of further investigation. </jats:sec

Current Opinion and Practice on Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Management: The North African Perspective.

The status of peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM) management in North Africa is undetermined. The aim of this study was to assess and compare current practice and knowledge regarding PSM and examine satisfaction with available treatment options and need for alternative therapies in North Africa. This is a qualitative study involving specialists participating in PSM management in North Africa. The survey analyzed demographic characteristics and current knowledge and opinions regarding PSM management in different institutions. We also looked at goals and priorities, satisfaction with treatment modalities and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) usefulness according to specialty, country, years of experience, and activity sector. One-hundred and three participants responded to the survey (response rate of 57%), including oncologists and surgeons. 59.2% of respondents had more than 10 years experience and 45.6% treated 20-50 PSM cases annually. Participants satisfaction with PSM treatment modalities was mild for gastric cancer (3/10 [IQR 2-3]) and moderate for colorectal (5/10 [IQR 3-5]), ovarian (5/10 [IQR 3-5]), and pseudomyxoma peritonei (5/10 [IQR 3-5]) type of malignancies. Good quality of life and symptom relief were rated as main priorities for treatment and the need for new treatment modalities was rated 9/10 [IQR 8-9]. The perceived usefulness of systemic chemotherapy in first intention was described as high by 42.7 and 39.8% of respondents for PSM of colorectal and gastric origins, while HIPEC was described as highly useful for ovarian (49.5%) and PMP (73.8) malignancies. The management of PSM in the North African region has distinct differences in knowledge, treatments availability and priorities. Disparities are also noted according to specialty, country, years of expertise, and activity sector. The creation of referral structures and PSM networks could be a step forward to standardized PSM management in the region

PLACE DE LA CHIRURGIE DANS LA PRISE EN CHARGE DE LA MALADIE DE CROHN ANO-PERINEALE

Introduction: The attack ano-perinéale during the disease of Crohn is relatively frequent, with difficult treatment. Materials and methods: A retrospective study, spread out over six years, 12 patient collages in the service of visceral and proctologic surgery II of the military hospital of instruction Mohamed V of Rabat, were taken charges some for localizations anoperinéales of  Crohn’s disease  . Results: Ano-perinéale was noted has 38 years an average age, dominated especially by the dents in 83% of the cases. The diagnosis was evoked in front of the presence of the épithélio-giganto-cellular granulome among all patients, and retained on the whole of the arguments clinical, endoscopic, histological and evolutionary. The surgical treatment was a fistulectomy or a fistulotomy associated with drainage in 10 cases and a double fissurectomy with anoplastie at two others. The average retreat was of 19.42mois. The cicatrization was considered to be good in 3 cases, slow in 3cas, an anal stenos moderate in a case and a relapse of fistula in a case. On the functional level, one noted a hypotonic in 5cas and an anal incontinence at a case. Discussion: The anoperinéal lesions of Crohn’s disease are frequent, often awkward, chronic, repeating, extensive, complex and of difficult treatment. The treatment of these lesions remains still discussed, partly because of the difficulties of evaluation related to their diversity and their complexity. Currently the contribution of the modern medical treatment made it possible to avoid any surgical aggression which is likely to involve or to worsen disorders of the continence except required. Conclusion: The medical treatment must be always prescribed in first intention. As for the surgical treatment, it should be considered only in the event of no active Crohn’s disease.Introduction : L’atteinte ano-perinéale au cours de la maladie de Crohn est relativement fréquente et de traitement difficile. Nous rapportons une étude rétrospective dont le but est de discuter la prise en charge thérapeutique medico-chirurgicale de ces lésions. Matériels et méthodes : Une étude rétrospective, entre le premier Janvier 2000 et le 31 Décembre 2005 avec un recul de 19 mois, faite d’une série de12 patients opérés pour maladie de Crohn ano-perinéale au sein de service de chirurgie viscérale et proctologique II de l’hôpital militaire d’instruction Mohamed V, Résultats : La maladie de Crohn ano-perinéale a été notée à un âge moyen de 38 ans avec une prédominance masculine, dominé surtout par les fistules dans 83% des cas. Le diagnostic a été évoqué en postopératoire, devant la présence du granulome épithélio-giganto-cellulaire chez tous les malades, et retenu, après un bilan complémentaire réalisé à distance, sur l’ensemble des arguments cliniques, endoscopiques, histologiques et évolutifs. Un bilan de la maladie crohnienne a été réalisés, les LAP, en rapport avec la maladie de Crohn, étaient isolées chez  8 patients et associée à des lésions intestinales méconnues chez 4 patients. Le traitement chirurgical a été une fistulectomie ou une fistulotomie associée à un drainage en séton(10cas) et une double fissurectomie avec anoplastie (2cas). Le recul moyen était de 19 mois. La cicatrisation a été jugée bonne dans 3 cas, lente dans 3cas, une sténose anale modérée a été notée dans un cas et une récidive de fistule dans un cas. Sur le plan fonctionnel, on a noté une hypotonie sphinctérienne dans 5cas et une incontinence anale chez un cas. Discussion : Les lésions anoperinéales de la maladie de Crohn sont fréquentes, souvent gênantes, chroniques, récidivantes, extensives, complexes et de traitement difficile. Le traitement de ces lésions reste encore controversé, en partie du fait des difficultés d’évaluation liées à leur diversité et à leur complexité. Actuellement l’apport du traitement médical moderne permet d’éviter toute agression chirurgicale qui risque d’entraîner ou d’aggraver des troubles de la continence sphinctérienne sauf nécessité. Conclusion : Le traitement médical doit être toujours prescrit en première intention. Quant au traitement chirurgical, il ne doit être envisagé qu’en cas l’absence de maladie de Crohn active

L’évolution fatale d’une thrombose de la veine porte

La thrombose du système portal est rare et ses étiologies sont multiples. Nous rapportons le cas d’un jeune patient de 26 ans, sans antécédents pathologiques particuliers admis pour douleurs abdominales diffuses d’installation brutale. Le diagnostic de la thrombose porte a été établi par le scanner abdominal sans mise en évidence d’un foyer infectieux intra-abdominal. Le bilan biologique a mis en évidence une hyperleucocytose mais la procalcitonine était négative. Le traitement anticoagulant a été démarré le jour de l’admission et le patient est décédé le jour même.  

Treatment adherence and BMI reduction are key predictors of HbA1c one year after diagnosis of childhood Type 2 Diabetes in UK

Background/Objective: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is increasing in childhood especially among females and South-Asians. Our objective was to report outcomes from a national cohort of children and adolescents with T2DM 1 year following diagnosis. Methods: Clinician reported, 1-year follow-up of a cohort of children (<17 years) diagnosed with T2DM reported through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU) (April 2015-April 2016). Results: One hundred (94%) of 106 baseline cases were available for review. Of these, five were lost to follow up and one had a revised diagnosis. Mean age at follow up was 15.3 years. Median BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) was 2.81 with a decrease of 0.13 SDS over a year. HbA1c <48 mmol/mol (UK target) was achieved in 38.8%. logHbA1c was predicted by clinician reported compliance and attendance concerns (β = 0.12, P = <0.0001) and change in body mass index (BMI) SDS at 1-year (β = 0.13, P=0.007). In over 50%, clinicians reported issues with compliance and attendance. Mean clinic attendance was 75%. Metformin was the most frequently used treatment at baseline (77%) and follow-up (87%). Microalbuminuria prevalence at 1-year was 16.4% compared to 4.2% at baseline and was associated with a higher HbA1c compared to those without microalbuminuria (60 vs 49 mmol/mol, P = 0.03). Conclusions: Adherence to treatment and a reduction in BMI appear key to better outcomes a year after T2DM diagnosis. Retention and clinic attendance are concerning. The prevalence of microalbuminuria has increased 4-fold in the year following diagnosis and was associated with higher HbA1c

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global wealth disparities drive adherence to COVID-safe pathways in head and neck cancer surgery

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