ULIL AMRI AUTHORITY ON LIMITATION OF CONGREGATIONAL WORSHIPS IN THE PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 IN PERSPECTIVE OF FIQH SIYASAH

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the issue of limiting worship of Muslims in Indonesia, during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is regulated by Ulil Amri in Indonesia, namely the Government and Majelis Ulama Indonesia. In the regulation of restrictions on worship, it is not implemented as it should. There is a group of Muslim communities, which do not comply with the policy. This article is a literature study with a qualitative approach. The data in this study were produced from literature processing from various views of fuqaha, which is viewed from the perspective of fiqh siyasah. The results of the study concluded that Ulil Amri has full authority on social and ijtihadi (furu) issues, but not on the subject matter (ushul) of religion because it is the authority of Allah SWT as al-Shari '(maker of the Shari'a). Included in the Ulil Amri authority is issuing policies in preventing and overcoming the spread of the coronavirus in Indonesia, by implementing a policy of limiting worship, based on the fatwa from Majelis Ulama Indonesia, and with regulations issued officially by the Government.Keywords: COVID-19; Ulil Amri Authority; Worship Restrictions, Islamic La

Shear behaviour of lightweight concrete beams strengthened with CFRP composite

This paper presents the experimental results obtained from lightweight and normal concrete beams with closed and U-shaped configurations of epoxy bonded Carbon FRP (CFRP) reinforcement in order to compare the shear resisting mechanisms between lightweight and normal concrete beams. The experimental results show that the CFRP can successfully be applied in the strengthening of lightweight concrete beams and the shear strength gained due to CFRP reinforcement for lightweight samples is less than the normal weight concrete samples while the mode of failures are the same. In contrast, diagonal shear cracks propagate through the lightweight aggregate compared to cracks around normal aggregate in the concrete matrix. Furthermore, the numerical study shows that the design guidelines to estimate the CFRP contribution, which do not differentiate the concrete types, overestimate the U-shaped CFRP contribution on lightweight concrete beams where the effective bond length of CFRP could not be achieved due to lower tensile strength of lightweight concrete

HAK KEPERDATAAN CALON JEMAAH HAJI DALAM ‎PENYELENGGARAAN IBADAH HAJI KHUSUS ‎(Studi di PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone)‎

AbstractThis study discusses the civil rights of prospective pilgrims in organizing the special Hajj pilgrimage at PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone. The thing to be achieved in this research is how the forms of legal protection for the civil rights of prospective pilgrims are given by the organizers of the special pilgrimage in accordance with the conceptualization of the laws and regulations. The method of this study is an Empirical Juridical approach. The data in this study were obtained from interviewing the Director of PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone and the pilgrims who were directly involved in the implementation of the special pilgrimage to find out their prospective. The results showed that the implementation of special Hajj conducted by PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone related to legal protection had been implemented appropriately and had been based on the laws and regulations so that it had beneficial effects for prospective of the pilgrims because their rights can be protected. As a special hajj travel agency, PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone had carried out its obligations in accordance with standard operational procedures of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion and did not conflict with the applicable laws and regulations. Keywords: Civil Rights; Special Hajj; Travel Bureau.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas hak keperdataan calon jemaah haji dalam penyelenggaraan ibadah haji khusus pada biro perjalanan PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone. Hal yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap hak keperdataan calon jemaah haji khusus yang diberikan dari pihak penyelenggara ibadah haji khusus yang sesuai dengan konseptualisasi peraturan perundang-undangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dengan pendekatan Yuridis Empiris. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan Direktur PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone dan salah satu calon jemaah haji yang terlibat langsung dalam pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan ibadah haji khusus.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelenggaraan ibadah haji khusus yang dilaksanakan oleh PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone terkait perlindungan hukumnya telah diimplementasikan dan berdasar pada peraturan perundang-undangan sehingga memiliki manfaat yang berpengaruh bagi calon jemaah haji khusus karena hak-haknya dapat terlindungi. Sebagai biro perjalanan ibadah haji khusus, PT. An-Nur Maarif Cab. Bone telah melaksanakan kewajibannya yang sesuai dengan standar operasional prosedur dari Kementerian Agama RI dan tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.Kata Kunci: Biro Perjalanan; Hak Keperdataan; Haji Khusus

PVC Sheathed Electrical Cable Fire Smoke Toxicity

The cone calorimeter, under free and restricted ventilation conditions, was used to investigate the toxic emissions from PVC cable fires. Toxic gases were measured using direct high temperature gas sampling from the exit of the cone calorimeter with a short chimney attached to the exit from the electrical cone. Toxic species CO and HCl were identified as a function of time using a heated Gasmet FTIR. The particle number was determined using the Cambustion DMS500 fast response particle sizer with a diluted sample taken from the diluted cone calorimeter exhaust flow at the same location as the optical obscuration smoke meter. The HCl concentrations from the Chlorine in the PVC sheath demonstrated HCl levels well above the LC50 concentration for HCl. The restricted ventilation reduced the peak fire heat release rate and the peak toxicity and HCl occurred later than for free ventilation. The equivalence ratio in the gases from the combustion zone, were both rich at 1.5 for free ventilation and 1.3-1.4 for restricted ventilation. The toxicity results showed the classic phases of compartment fires: growth, steady state burning and then fire decay. After flaming combustion was extinguished, slow char combustion continued with high CO emissions. The particle size distribution showed peak particle number, PN, nuclei mode particles at 10 nm and an accumulation mode at 100 nm. The number of particles at 10 nm for free and restricted ventilation were extremely high and showed that the freely ventilated fires had the highest PN, but later in the fire the restricted ventilation PN were higher. Nano-particle emissions < 50 nm from PVC fires are a health hazard that is currently unrecognized and unregulated

Smoke Particle Size Distribution in Pine Wood Fires

There is a growing concern about the impact of ultra- fine particulates released from fires on the health of humans in fires and the related environmental pollution. However, there is no requirement to measure particle mass or number from legislated test fires and hence there is minimum information in the literature on this toxic hazard in fires. This work compares particulates generated from freely ventilated and restricted ventilation pine wood fires using the cone calorimeter. The standard cone calorimeter with freely ventilated combustion was modified by adding a discharge pipe to the cone heater that enabled direct fire product sampling from the cone outlet. The controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter was used for the restricted ventilation fire with metered air fed to the enclosure around the test area. Both tests used a radiant heat flux of 35kW/m2. Real-time particulate number and size distribution were measured using the Cambustion DMS 500 particle electrical mobility spectrometer. The particulate size distribution showed a peak of ultra-fine aerosol particles of <100 nm in the early stage of the fire development and then changed to the larger size (100-1000 nm) with a peak of 200 nm as the fire progressed. The restricted ventilation fire generated more particles. There were high numbers of 20 nm particles throughout the fire and these have the greatest health risks. Toxic gases were also measured from the raw exhaust gases using a heated Gasmet FTIR gas analyser

Characterizing the morbid genome of ciliopathies

Background Ciliopathies are clinically diverse disorders of the primary cilium. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these genetically heterogeneous conditions; however, our knowledge of their morbid genome, pleiotropy, and variable expressivity remains incomplete. Results We applied genomic approaches on a large patient cohort of 371 affected individuals from 265 families, with phenotypes that span the entire ciliopathy spectrum. Likely causal mutations in previously described ciliopathy genes were identified in 85% (225/265) of the families, adding 32 novel alleles. Consistent with a fully penetrant model for these genes, we found no significant difference in their “mutation load” beyond the causal variants between our ciliopathy cohort and a control non-ciliopathy cohort. Genomic analysis of our cohort further identified mutations in a novel morbid gene TXNDC15, encoding a thiol isomerase, based on independent loss of function mutations in individuals with a consistent ciliopathy phenotype (Meckel-Gruber syndrome) and a functional effect of its deficiency on ciliary signaling. Our study also highlighted seven novel candidate genes (TRAPPC3, EXOC3L2, FAM98C, C17orf61, LRRCC1, NEK4, and CELSR2) some of which have established links to ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that the morbid genome of ciliopathies encompasses many founder mutations, the combined carrier frequency of which accounts for a high disease burden in the study population. Conclusions Our study increases our understanding of the morbid genome of ciliopathies. We also provide the strongest evidence, to date, in support of the classical Mendelian inheritance of Bardet-Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies

The The Therapeutic Effects of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Gel on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rescued Horses: The Effects of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Gel on skin Wound Healing in Horses

This study explored the effect of platelet-rich plasma gel on skin wound healing in rescued horses. A total of twenty horses were used and allocated into two groups: PRP-treated Group A (n=10) and ASD-treated Group B (n=10). Group A animals were treated with autologous PRP gel, while group B animals were treated with sterile saline. A full-thickness (1.5 mm2) skin wounds were selected in each horse. Histopathological examination of wound tissue in horses was performed on days 8, 40, and 60. Wound epithelialization was assessed by HE staining, and collagen re-establishment was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining. The CAT activity and MDA concentration were assessed in blood samples on days 8, 40, and 60. All data were subjected to statistical analysis. We observed a highly significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in re-epithelization at days 40 to 60 in the PRP wounds compared to the ASD wounds. Collagen was well organized (P&lt;0.01) in the PRP wounds compared with the ASD wounds at day 40 to day 60. MDA concentration was significantly decreased from day 40 to day 60 (P&lt;0.05) in the PRP wounds than the ASD wounds. CAT activity showed no difference (P&gt;0.05) between PRP wounds and ASD wounds. In conclusion, compared to ASD wounds, PRP wounds promoted cutaneous wound healing in horses by suppressing oxidative stress levels, accelerating wound epithelialization, and generating organized tissue, interlocking collagen bundles of dermal collagen. However, ultrasonographical assessment level study is needed to further investigate the effect of PRP gel on skin wound healing in rescued horses. Keywords: Horses, Oxidative stress, Platelet-Rich Plasma, Sterile saline, Skin Wound Healing

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package—a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87–2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91–1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79–3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63–2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8–39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Toxic Gas Emissions from Plywood Fires

Toxic emissions from four construction plywoods were investigated using a freely ventilated cone calorimeter with raw predilution hot gas sampling. Each plywood sample was exposed to the conical heater of the cone calorimeter radiating at 35 kw/m². Rich mixtures occurred in some of the tests, these rich mixtures produced high concentrations of toxic gases. The 4 samples had different peak heat release rate HRR, but similar steady state HRR. The elemental analysis of the four samples showed that they had different nitrogen content, indicating different glues were used. Plywood B had the highest N content of 6.43%, which resulted in the highest HCN concentration. The most important toxic species were CO, HCN, acrolein, formaldehyde and benzene on both an LC₅₀ and COSHH₁₅min basis