Control without Ownership: Nominee Agreements and the Restriction of Freehold Land Rights for Foreign Nationals in Indonesia

This article examines the legal status, doctrinal coherence, and regulatory implications of nominee agreements used to facilitate foreign control over freehold land in Indonesia. Although Indonesian agrarian law formally prohibits foreign ownership of freehold title, nominee arrangements continue to operate through private contractual mechanisms that separate formal ownership from effective control. Using normative legal research grounded in statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, this study analyzes the interaction between agrarian law, civil law doctrine, and regulatory policy. The findings demonstrate that nominee agreements occupy a structurally ambiguous position: while formally inconsistent with the prohibition regime and the social function principle of land, their persistence reflects deeper tensions between title-based formalism and the absence of a transparent beneficial ownership framework. The article argues that the endurance of nominee practices is not solely a consequence of weak enforcement, but of regulatory design limitations that fail to address sophisticated forms of legal circumvention. It concludes that reconstructing the regulatory approach, from an absolute prohibition model toward a transparency- and accountability-based framework, offers a more coherent strategy to reconcile agrarian sovereignty, legal certainty, and foreign investment dynamics. This reconstruction strengthens doctrinal integrity while enhancing regulatory effectiveness within Indonesia’s contemporary land law system

Legitimacy of Sub-Minimum Sentencing in Narcotics Cases: An Analysis of Judicial Discretion from the Perspectives of Positive Law and Islamic Criminal Law

This article examines the legitimacy of sub-minimum sentencing in narcotics cases through a normative analysis of Indonesian Supreme Court Decision No. 4634 K/Pid.Sus/2023, which imposed a sentence below the statutory minimum prescribed under Article 112 of Law No. 35 of 2009. Employing a doctrinal legal method with comparative analysis and systematic literature review, the study evaluates judicial reasoning across the District Court, High Court, and Supreme Court levels. The findings indicate that, from the perspective of positive law, the decision potentially undermines the principles of legality and legal certainty due to the absence of a clear normative basis for departing from the mandatory minimum, thereby increasing the risk of sentencing disparity. Conversely, from the perspective of Islamic criminal law, the decision attains normative legitimacy within the framework of taʿzīr and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, particularly the protection of intellect (ḥifẓ al-ʿaql), which prioritizes proportionality and rehabilitative objectives for drug users. Nevertheless, this legitimacy is procedurally weakened by the lack of objective supporting evidence, notably a medical or clinical assessment as a prerequisite for judicial ijtihād. This article proposes an integrative model in the form of a minimum evidentiary checklist and mandatory clinical assessment to ensure that judicial discretion remains legally accountable while coherently reconciling substantive justice, legal certainty, and Islamic normative principles

Between Reconciliation and Justice: Reactualizing As-Sulḥ in Resolving Juvenile Violence within Indonesia’s Legal Pluralism

This study examines the tension between reconciliation and justice in the regulation of assault-related offenses under Indonesian positive criminal law and Islamic criminal law, while critically analyzing the implementation of as-sulḥ in resolving juvenile violence within the Halongonan community of North Padang Lawas. Adopting a socio-legal empirical approach, this research conceptualizes law as a social practice (law in action) and draws on qualitative data from in-depth interviews with community leaders, religious figures, and local residents. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis based on three key indicators: voluntariness, power balance, and substantive justice. The findings reveal that although as-sulḥ normatively promotes reconciliation, forgiveness, and the restoration of social relations, its practical application often reflects a tension between reconciliation and justice, manifested in the form of pseudo-reconciliation. Settlements tend to occur under social pressure and unequal power relations, making them formalistic and transactional, and failing to fully embody the principles of al-riḍā’ (consent), ‘adālah (justice), and maṣlaḥah (public interest).  In response, this study argues for the reactualization of as-sulḥ through the integration of restorative justice, the principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, and the national criminal law framework within Indonesia’s plural legal system. Theoretically, it contributes to the discourse on reconciliation and justice in legal pluralism, while practically offering a more just, reflective, and context-sensitive model for resolving juvenile violence

Fraud Triangle Perspective on Corruption in State Owned Enterprises: Evidence from the PT Timah, Tbk Case

Corruption within state-owned enterprises (SOEs) remains a critical challenge in emerging economies, undermining public trust, financial integrity, and investor confidence. This study examines the corruption case of PT Timah Tbk in Indonesia through the lens of Fraud Triangle Theory, focusing on the interaction of pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Employing a normative juridical approach complemented by literature and documentary analysis, the research analyzes legal frameworks, organizational governance, and empirical evidence related to the case. Findings indicate that financial pressures from market expectations and declining profits created strong motivational drivers (pressure), while weaknesses in corporate governance, procurement procedures, and oversight mechanisms enabled illicit practices (opportunity). Executives rationalized these actions as necessary for achieving corporate targets and preserving organizational interests (rationalization). Legal analysis confirms that these actions violated Law No. 20/2001 on Corruption and Law No. 19/2003 on SOEs, demonstrating gaps between statutory provisions and effective enforcement. The study highlights that addressing SOE corruption requires an integrated strategy combining strengthened internal controls, transparency, ethical leadership, whistleblower protection, and robust legal enforcement. By systematically linking theoretical, legal, and empirical perspectives, this research provides both explanatory insights into corporate fraud mechanisms and practical guidance for enhancing governance and accountability in state-owned enterprises, particularly in resource-based sectors of emerging markets

Implementation of Quality Management Based on the POAC Approach in Improving Teacher Quality

Improving the quality of teachers is a key factor in realizing the quality of sustainable madrasah education, but there are still many madrasas facing limited resources and have not implemented quality management systematically. This study aims to analyze the implementation of quality management based on the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling) approach in improving the quality of teachers at MI Miftahul Ulum Panyiuran and examine its integration with the values of Islamic education management. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and documentation studies, then analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive model. The results of the study showed that planning was carried out in a participatory manner through RKM and RPT, competency-based organization and deliberation, implementation through continuous training and comparative studies, and evaluation through supervision and program evaluation. The implementation of POAC has an impact on improving teacher professionalism, a culture of cooperation, a conducive learning climate, and a quality culture. The integration of the values of tadbir, syūrā, tarbiyah, and muḥāsabah strengthens the moral-spiritual dimension, although there is still a need for more measurable quality indicators.Peningkatan kualitas guru merupakan faktor kunci dalam mewujudkan mutu pendidikan madrasah yang berkelanjutan, namun masih banyak madrasah menghadapi keterbatasan sumber daya dan belum menerapkan manajemen mutu secara sistematis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi manajemen mutu berbasis pendekatan POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, dan Controlling) dalam meningkatkan kualitas guru di MI Miftahul Ulum Panyiuran serta mengkaji integrasinya dengan nilai-nilai manajemen pendidikan Islam. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan studi dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan dilakukan secara partisipatif melalui RKM dan RPT, pengorganisasian berbasis kompetensi dan musyawarah, pelaksanaan melalui pelatihan dan studi banding berkelanjutan, serta evaluasi melalui supervisi dan evaluasi program. Implementasi POAC berdampak pada peningkatan profesionalitas guru, budaya kerja sama, iklim pembelajaran kondusif, dan budaya mutu. Integrasi nilai tadbir, syūrā, tarbiyah, dan muḥāsabah memperkuat dimensi moral-spiritual, meskipun masih diperlukan indikator mutu yang lebih terukur

KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI DALAM TEKANAN PRODUKSI DAN KEBIJAKAN BANTUAN: ANALISIS LINTAS PROVINSI

Household resilience among farming communities remains a critical issue in Indonesia’s agricultural development, particularly amid persistent production constraints and heterogeneous policy interventions across regions. This study aims to examine the relationship between agricultural income, production-related challenges, and various forms of social and agricultural assistance in shaping farm household resilience across Indonesian provinces. The analysis employs data from the 2024 Agricultural Economic Survey (SEP), using provinces as the unit of analysis. The methodological approach combines descriptive statistics, classification of income-based resilience risk, partial correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The results reveal substantial heterogeneity in farm household resilience across provinces. Provinces classified as high-risk are predominantly characterized by households in the vulnerable and moderately resilient categories, reflecting structural limitations in agricultural income and access to productive inputs. Regression estimates indicate that consumption-oriented assistance, particularly Village Fund Cash Transfers, has a negative and statistically significant association with the Food Security Index, whereas productive support in the form of subsidized fertilizer exhibits a positive effect, albeit with limited statistical significance. These findings suggest that assistance programs do not automatically enhance farm household resilience; rather, their effectiveness depends critically on the orientation and function of the intervention. The study underscores the importance of regionally differentiated policy approaches that integrate short-term social protection with long-term strategies aimed at strengthening agricultural productivity and income sustainability.Ketahanan rumah tangga petani merupakan isu krusial dalam pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia, terutama di tengah tekanan permasalahan produksi dan keberagaman kebijakan bantuan yang diterapkan lintas wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pendapatan usaha pertanian, permasalahan produksi, serta berbagai bentuk program bantuan sosial dan pertanian terhadap ketahanan rumah tangga petani di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan data Survei Ekonomi Pertanian (SEP) 2024 dengan unit analisis lintas provinsi. Metode analisis meliputi statistik deskriptif, klasifikasi resiko ketahanan pendapatan, korelasi parsial, dan regresi linier berganda dengan pendekatan Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya heterogenitas ketahanan rumah tangga petani yang signifikan antarprovinsi. Provinsi dengan resiko ketahanan tinggi didominasi oleh rumah tangga petani pada kategori cukup dan rentan, mencerminkan keterbatasan struktural dalam pendapatan usaha pertanian dan akses input produksi. Estimasi regresi menunjukkan bahwa bantuan bersifat konsumtif, khususnya Bantuan Langsung Tunai Dana Desa, berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Indeks Ketahanan Pangan, sementara bantuan produktif berupa pupuk subsidi berpengaruh positif meskipun dengan tingkat signifikansi terbatas. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa keberadaan bantuan tidak secara otomatis meningkatkan ketahanan rumah tangga petani, melainkan sangat bergantung pada orientasi dan fungsi bantuan tersebut. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan kebijakan berbasis wilayah yang mengintegrasikan perlindungan sosial jangka pendek dengan penguatan kapasitas produksi pertanian yang berkelanjutan

INFORMATION ACCESS AND LEARNING MEDIA EFFECTS ON ISLAMIC FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG MADRASAH STUDENTS

This study examines how access to information and learning media impact students' Islamic financial literacy in the digital era. This study uses a quantitative associative approach to analyze the influence of access to information and learning media on students' Islamic financial literacy in the digital era. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with t-tests and F-tests. The findings indicate that access to information has a positive and significant effect on Islamic financial literacy. Learning media also exhibits a positive and significant effect, with a stronger effect than access to information. Together, both variables significantly influence students' Islamic financial literacy, highlighting the importance of an integrated learning approach. This study concludes that learning media and access to information significantly influence Islamic financial literacy, with learning media playing a more dominant role. These results suggest that policymakers and educational institutions should strengthen Islamic financial education through innovative and values-based learning media. Future studies are encouraged to incorporate additional factors to enrich our understanding of the development of Islamic financial literacy.Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana akses informasi dan media pembelajaran literasi keuangan syariah siswa di era digital. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan asosiatif kuantitatif untuk menganalisis pengaruh akses informasi dan media pembelajaran terhadap literasi keuangan syariah siswa di era digital. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner skala Likert dan dianalisis melalui statistik deskriptif, korelasi Pearson, dan regresi linier berganda dengan uji-t dan uji-F. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa akses informasi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap literasi keuangan syariah. Media pembelajaran juga menunjukkan pengaruh positif dan signifikan, dengan pengaruh yang lebih kuat daripada akses informasi. Secara bersamaan, kedua variabel tersebut secara signifikan memengaruhi literasi keuangan syariah siswa, menyoroti pentingnya pendekatan pembelajaran terintegrasi. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran dan akses informasi secara signifikan memengaruhi literasi keuangan syariah, dengan media pembelajaran memainkan peran yang lebih dominan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pembuat kebijakan dan lembaga pendidikan harus memperkuat pendidikan keuangan syariah melalui media pembelajaran yang inovatif dan berbasis nilai. Studi selanjutnya didorong untuk memasukkan faktor-faktor tambahan untuk memperkaya pemahaman tentang perkembangan literasi keuangan syariah

DIGITAL GOLD IN INDONESIA: BRIDGING REGULATORY AND SHARIA GAPS

This study examines the development of digital gold in Indonesia by analyzing regulatory gaps and Sharia compliance. The primary objective of this study is to assess the extent to which the current regulatory system aligns with Islamic law standards and to address legal ambiguities that impact both market participants and Muslim consumers. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing normative legal analysis and a literature review of financial regulations and fiqh mu‘āmalah principles related to digital gold. Official documents, regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and fatwas issued by Islamic legal institutions serve as data sources. The current regulatory framework lacks adequate integration with Sharia, leading to inconsistent legal practices and unclear standards. This regulatory ambiguity is evident in the status of digital gold as a commodity or financial instrument. Furthermore, the lack of uniform standards regarding gold ownership by selling platforms, storage mechanisms, and transparency of physical gold reserves adds to the uncertainty. In the context of fiqh mu‘āmalah, this violates Sharia principles such as riba (usury), gharar (gharar), bai' al-ma'dum (risk of betting), and maisir (gambling). Without clear regulations, digital gold can be problematic from both legal and Sharia-compliant perspectives. The research demonstrates the necessity to merge positive law with Islamic legal values to establish a legally valid digital gold system that is transparent and Sharia-compliant. The study proposes that regulators, industry stakeholders, and the Sharia Supervisory Board should collaborate to establish standardized practices and regulations. The development of adaptive Sharia-compliant digital gold regulations represents a strategic approach to promoting safe and sustainable growth in digital investment in Indonesia. The findings of this study provide a strong academic foundation for examining the effectiveness of Sharia regulations and governance in digital investment products, highlighting the importance of this research in the development of Islamic finance and digital investment

Judicial Challenges in Resolving Electronic Licensing Disputes before Indonesian Administrative Courts

This study examines the judicial challenges in resolving electronic licensing disputes arising from Decision No. 30/G/2023/PTUN.BL and Appellate Decision No. 6/B/2024/PT.TUN.PLG, where two business licenses were issued for the same object through the OSS RBA system by the DPMPTSP of Pesawaran Regency. Using a normative juridical method supplemented with empirical data from judicial interviews, the study reveals contrasting judicial approaches. The first-instance court emphasized social harmony and familial relationships, adopting a utilitarian perspective and suggesting non-adversarial settlement rather than determining the legal validity of the licenses. In contrast, the appellate court adhered to a positivist approach, focusing on procedural rigor and identifying the dual licensing as the result of an administrative validation error, as the second permit was issued without revoking the first. The study highlights that the digitalization of licensing does not automatically ensure legal certainty; rather, it introduces new challenges in judicial reasoning, evidentiary evaluation, and institutional accountability. The findings underscore the necessity of strengthening technical regulations, enhancing the administrative competence of licensing authorities, and improving administrative remedies to ensure effective judicial review within Indonesia’s digital governance framework

Legal Protection for Children Victims of Neglect by Parents with Mental Disorders within Indonesia’s Legislative Framework

The issue of child neglect by parents with mental disorders raises complex legal and social challenges, as both the child and the mentally ill parent are vulnerable groups requiring legal protection and State responsibility to ensure their rights. Mental illness often impairs parental capacity to provide adequate care, placing the child in a highly vulnerable and precarious situation. From a criminal law perspective, such mental conditions may serve as a ground for excuse under the Indonesian Penal Code, potentially eliminating criminal responsibility. This raises the question of who is accountable for ensuring the child's protection. This normative legal research aims to analyze the available forms of legal protection for children in such circumstances under Indonesian law, particularly Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection as amended by Law No. 35 of 2014, and to examine State responsibility through the lens of Child Rights Theory and the Best Interests of the Child principle. The study finds that while Indonesia's legal framework is relatively comprehensive, highlighted by Government Regulation No. 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Child Care and Government Regulation No. 78 of 2021 on Special Protection for Children, implementation remains hindered by significant challenges, including weak institutional coordination, limited resources, and an insufficiently child-centered approach. The State thus has a positive obligation to take concrete preventive and curative measures to ensure children's rights protection, including providing appropriate alternative care and access to psychosocial recovery services