Die Entwicklung des Kasussystems der Wortart Substantiv vom Urindogermanischen zum Neuschwedischen

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung, die das Kasussystem der Wortart Substantiv von der urindogermanischen Sprachstufe (bis ca. 3500 v. Chr.) bis zum Beginn der neuschwedischen Sprachstufe (ab ca. 1550 n. Chr.) durchläuft. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf den Vorgängen, die nach der Ausgliederung des Schwedischen aus dem Altnordischen stattfinden.This thesis describes the development of the case system of nouns from Proto-Indo-European to Early Modern Swedish

Differences in Hemodynamic, Hormonal and Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Complication-Free Pregnancies Compared to Individuals with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia : An Observational Retrospective Analysis

To investigate differences in hemodynamic, hormonal and heart rate variability parameters in women following complication-free pregnancies (healthy), preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after giving childbirth. Data of 60 women (healthy: n = 29, age 32.7 ± 4.5 years, BMI 24.2 ± 4.3 kg/m(2); preeclampsia: n = 16, age 35.3 ± 4.4 years, 28.5 ± 6.4 kg/m(2); GDM, n = 15, age 32.3 ± 6.0 years, BMI 26.4 ± 6.2 kg/m(2)) were included. Two visits were conducted 16 and 48 weeks after giving childbirth. Hair samples were taken for analysis of cortisol and testosterone. ECG and blood pressure were recorded at each visit. Data were analyzed via RM-ANOVA and post-hoc testing (p ≤ 0.05). Heart rate increased from visit 1 to visit 2, whereas SDNN decreased (both p = 0.03). RMSSD showed an increased trend for groups (p = 0.06). Testosterone in the GDM group was significantly higher compared to the other groups (p = 0.002). Cortisol levels were significantly higher following post-hoc testing GDM was different compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.02). Hemodynamic changes from week 16 to week 48 did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). No differences between individuals with preeclampsia and healthy individuals were found for all hemodynamic parameters (p > 0.05). The study showed higher levels of chronic stress indicators in GDM measured via heart rate variability and cortisol compared to women with a history of preeclampsia and healthy women

Factores relacionados con el acceso a los servicios de salud de la población de la comunidad de Armenta, departamento de Cortés, Honduras, Noviembre 2014.

Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recomienda organizar la comunidad a través del Departamento de Vinculación Universidad Sociedad de la UNAH VS, con el fin de que la población esté representada y donde se promueva una mayor participación social para generar mayores servicios de salud, agua potable, alcantarillado. Además de gestionar ante el Ministerio de Salud la ampliación del horario de atención médica de la unidad de salud de lunes a sábado, en un horario de 8 horas laborales. Además hacer énfasis en la medicina preventiva mediante charlas educativas de educación sexual y campañas de fumigación por medio de la Municipalidad de San Pedro Sula y el Patronato de Armenta dirigido a toda la comunidad, para la prevención de las enfermedades más comunes de la aldea y creando conciencia en la personas para mejorar su cultura sanitaria

Tumor-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells in human colorectal cancer: relation to local regulatory T cells, systemic T-cell response against tumor-associated antigens and survival

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Although systemic T-cell responses against tumor antigens and tumor infiltration by T cells have been investigated in colorectal cancer (CRC), the initiation of spontaneous immune responses <it>in situ </it>is not well understood. Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) play an important role as a link between innate and adaptive immune response. The aim of the present study was to analyze macrophage and DC infiltration in CRC and to investigate whether there is a correlation to systemic T-cell response, regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration, and survival.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Immunohistological staining was performed with nine markers for macrophages and DC (CD68, CD163, S100, CD11c, CD208, CD209, CD123, CD1a, Langerin) in 40 colorectal cancer samples from patients, in whom the state of systemic T-cell responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and Treg infiltration had previously been determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All specimens contained cells positive for CD68, CD163, S100 and CD1a in epithelial tumor tissue and tumor stroma. Only a very few (less than median 3/HPF) CD123+, CD1a+, CD11c+, CD 208+, CD209+, or Langerin+ cells were detected in the specimens. Overall, we found a trend towards increased infiltration by S100-positive DC and a significantly increased number of stromal S100-positive DC in patients without T-cell response. There was an increase of stromal S100 DC and CD163 macrophages in limited disease (S100: 11.1/HPF vs. 7.3/HPF, p = 0.046; CD163: 11.0/HPF vs. 8.1/HPF, p = 0.06). We found a significant, positive correlation between S100-positive DC and FOXP3-positive Tregs. Survival in patients with high DC infiltration was significantly better than that in those with low DC infiltration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found a trend towards better survival for increased infiltration with CD163-positive macrophages (p = 0.07).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present <it>in situ </it>study adds new data to the discussion on the interaction between the innate and adoptive immune system. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that tumor-infiltrating DC are a key factor at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response in malignant disease. Tumor infiltrating S100-positive DC show an inverse relationship with the systemic antigen-specific T-cell response, a positive correlation with regulatory T cells, and a positive association with survival in CRC. These data put tumor-infiltrating DC at the center of the relevant immune response in CRC.</p

RANTES/CCL5 and Risk for Coronary Events: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Case-Cohort, Athero-Express and CARDIoGRAM Studies

BACKGROUND: The chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in mice, whereas less is known in humans. We hypothesised that its relevance for atherosclerosis should be reflected by associations between CCL5 gene variants, RANTES serum concentrations and protein levels in atherosclerotic plaques and risk for coronary events. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a case-cohort study within the population-based MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies. Baseline RANTES serum levels were measured in 363 individuals with incident coronary events and 1,908 non-cases (mean follow-up: 10.2±4.8 years). Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, metabolic factors and lifestyle factors revealed no significant association between RANTES and incident coronary events (HR [95% CI] for increasing RANTES tertiles 1.0, 1.03 [0.75-1.42] and 1.11 [0.81-1.54]). None of six CCL5 single nucleotide polymorphisms and no common haplotype showed significant associations with coronary events. Also in the CARDIoGRAM study (&gt;22,000 cases, &gt;60,000 controls), none of these CCL5 SNPs was significantly associated with coronary artery disease. In the prospective Athero-Express biobank study, RANTES plaque levels were measured in 606 atherosclerotic lesions from patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. RANTES content in atherosclerotic plaques was positively associated with macrophage infiltration and inversely associated with plaque calcification. However, there was no significant association between RANTES content in plaques and risk for coronary events (mean follow-up 2.8±0.8 years). CONCLUSIONS: High RANTES plaque levels were associated with an unstable plaque phenotype. However, the absence of associations between (i) RANTES serum levels, (ii) CCL5 genotypes and (iii) RANTES content in carotid plaques and either coronary artery disease or incident coronary events in our cohorts suggests that RANTES may not be a novel coronary risk biomarker. However, the potential relevance of RANTES levels in platelet-poor plasma needs to be investigated in further studies

RANTES/CCL5 and risk for coronary events: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg case-cohort, Athero-express and CARDIoGRAM studies

Background: The chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in mice, whereas less is known in humans. We hypothesised that its relevance for atherosclerosis should be reflected by associations between CCL5 gene variants, RANTES serum concentrations and protein levels in atherosclerotic plaques and risk for coronary events. Methods and Findings: We conducted a case-cohort study within the population-based MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies. Baseline RANTES serum levels were measured in 363 individuals with incident coronary events and 1,908 non-cases (mean follow-up: 10.2±

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways

Evaluating operation strategies and process stability of a single stage nitritation–anammox SBR by use of the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP)

A single stage nitritation–anammox SBR was operated for 300&#xa0;days to investigate the impact of cycle operation strategies on process performance and the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) as process monitoring parameter. Different combinations of feeding (interval, continuous, one-time) and aeration (interval, continuous) strategies were tested revealing that interval feeding and interval aeration was the most suitable case in terms of process performance (ammonium removal, nitrate production and pH stability) and use of the ORP value as indicator parameter. Further investigations into the use of the ORP value showed clear correlations of the ORP slope with the air flow rate and the maximum ORP peak with the ammonium loading under varying operation conditions. Depletion of the main substrates (ammonium and oxygen) was also detectable fastest following the ORP value proofing its worth for process control

Einstufige Deammonifikation zur Behandlung von Abwasser mit hohem Kohlenstoffgehalt: ein Verfahrens vergleich zwischen SBR und MBBR

Two single stage deammonification reactors, one Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and one Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) were operated to study their applicability for treatment of industrial wastewaters with high C : N ratios. The performance of both systems was evaluated changing the influent from municipal reject water (C : N ratio 1 : 1) stepwise to an industrial wastewater (C : N ratio 3 : 1). An intentionally induced temperature drop was also tested. The results showed that the MBBR (1.9 kg-N m –3 d –1 ) was superior to the SBR (0.5 kg-N m –3 d –1 ) with at maximum up to 4 times higher volumetric nitrogen removal rates. Both systems accumulated nitrite (>100 mg-N L –1 ) during the temperature drop from 30 °C to around 20 °C, which subsequently resulted in almost complete loss in the removal capacities. However, both systems were able to re-establish their previous removal rates within approx. 20–40 days. Overall, the MBBR showed the more stable and better performance