Radiolytic alteration of biopolymers in the Mulga Rock (Australia) uranium deposit

We investigated the effect of ionizing radiation on organic matter (OM) in the carbonaceous uranium (U) mineralization at the Mulga Rock deposit, Western Australia. Samples were collected from mineralized layers between 53 and 58.5 m depths in the Ambassador prospect, containing <5300 ppm U. Uranium bears a close spatial relationship with OM, mostly finely interspersed in the attrinite matrix and via enrichments within liptinitic phytoclasts (mainly sporinite and liptodetrinite). Geochemical analyses were conducted to: (i) identify the natural sources of molecular markers, (ii) recognize relationships between molecular markers and U concentrations and (iii) detect radiolysis effects on molecular marker distributions. Carbon to nitrogen ratios between 82 and 153, and Rock–Eval pyrolysis yields of 316–577 mg hydrocarbon/g TOC (HI) and 70–102 mg CO2/g TOC (OI) indicate a predominantly lipid-rich terrigenous plant OM source deposited in a complex shallow swampy wetland or lacustrine environment. Saturated hydrocarbon and ketone fractions reveal molecular distributions co-varying with U concentration. In samples with <1700 ppm U concentrations, long-chain n-alkanes and alkanones (C27–C31) reveal an odd/even carbon preference indicative of extant lipids.Samples with ⩾1700 ppm concentrations contain intermediate-length n-alkanes and alkanones, bearing a keto-group in position 2–10, with no carbon number preference. Such changes in molecular distributions are inconsistent with diagenetic degradation of terrigenous OM in oxic depositional environments and cannot be associated with thermal breakdown due to the relatively low thermal maturity of the deposits (Rr = 0.26%). It is assumed that the intimate spatial association of high U concentrations resulted in breakdown via radiolytic cracking of recalcitrant polyaliphatic macromolecules (spores, pollen, cuticles, or algal cysts) yielding medium chain length n-alkanes (C13–C24). Reactions of n-alkenes with OH− radicals from water hydrolysis produced alcohols that dehydrogenated to alkanones or through carbonylation formed alkanones. Rapid reactions with hydroxyl radicals likely decreased the isomerization of n-alkenes and decreased alkanone diversity, such that the alkan-2-one isomer is predominant. This specific distribution of components generated by natural radiolysis enables their application as “radiolytic molecular markers”. Breaking of C–C bonds through radiolytic cracking at temperatures much lower than the oil window (<50 °C) can have profound implications on initiation of petroleum formation, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, mineral exploration and in tracking radiolysis of OM

Pengaruh Massa Magnesium Silikat (Magnesol) Dan Waktu Operasi Pada Proses Pemurnian Biodiesel

-Biodiesel purification process using a dry cleaning method has been successfully performed. Biodiesel is derived from used cooking oil. Overall purified biodiesel dry washing method to increase the quality. Reaction time and amount used magnesol greatly affect biodiesel purification process. The best conditions obtained at reaction time of 60 minutes and the amount of magnesol 2% w / w. Density, viscosity, flash point, cetane number, free glycerol and total glycerol increased the quality are 3%, 34%, 7%, 22%, 48% and 38%, respectively

KOMPOSISI JENIS POHON DAN STRUKTUR TEGAKAN HUTAN MANGROVE DI DESA PANTAI BAHAGIA KECAMATAN MUARA GEMBONG KABUPATEN BEKASI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Mangrove forest ecosystems have a very important role for humans and the environment, so to prevent further damage needs to be done identification of tree species composition and structure of mangrove forest stands. For the purpose of this research is to know the composition of tree species from the level of seedling to the tree and to know the structure of its stand. Data collection methods used are Inventory of mangrove species using Indonesian mangrove determination keychain and data analysis by calculating important value index, Diversity index, relative frequency and horizontal structure analysis. The results showed that the largest tree density structure was Rhizophora mucronata of 225 trees / hectare, Avicennia marinna of 145 trees / hectare, Sonneratia alba of 65 trees / hectare and Avicennia officinalis of 65 trees / hectare and had only one crown layer namely strata A which is dominated by Rhizophora mucronata tree which has an average free height of 9 m branch with total height 12 m and diameter 29 cm. For this reason, planting efforts need to be increased to increase the number and composition for coastal protection

PERANCANGAN ELECTRIC FISH AGGREGATING DEVICE LIFERAFT (e-FADL) YANG DAPAT DIKENDALIKAN JARAK JAUH

Faktor ekonomis dan faktor keselamatan adalah hal yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian penting bagi nelayan tradisional pada saat berlayar. Pada penelitian ini dibuatlah FAD yang sekaligus dapat difungsikan sebagai peralatan keselamatan (liferaft) dan dapat dikendalikan jarak jauh yang diberi nama e-FADL (Electric Fish Aggregating Device and Liferaft). Penelitian ini merupakan perbaikan dari penelitian sebelumnya dari sisi disain, berat dan buoyancy-nya dan adanya penambahan sistem kendali jarak jauh agar nelayan dapat menempatkan FAD tersebut ke tempat-tempat tertentu. FAD didisain dengan menggunakan material PVC yang ditopang oleh konstruksi pipa 8 inc yang sekaligus difungsikan sebagai liferaft. Sumber energi listrik untuk penerangan dan penggerak diperoleh dari panel surya. Peralatan kontrol jarak jauh menggunakan komponen utama transceiver NRF24L01 yang bekerja pada frekuensi 2,4 GHz. Hasil penelitian diperoleh e-FADL dapat digunakan sebagai FAD dengan penerangan lampu 12V/20watt mampu menyala selama 9-10 jam sesuai dengan lamanya nelayan mencari ikan. Mampu dijalankan dan dikendalikan jarak jauh menggunakan remote dengan jarak maksimal 270m dengan kecepatan 6,5Km/jam. Mempunyai daya apung (buoyancy) sebesar 84,45 kg, sehingga dapat difungsikan sebagai liferaft mampu menahan beban maksimum 5 ABK. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian model menunjukan bahwa liferaft mampu berfungsi sesuai standar Solas 74/96, LSA Code and IMO 81 (70)

PERANCANGAN ELECTRIC FISH AGGREGATING DEVICE LIFERAFT(e-FADL) YANG DAPAT DIKENDALIKAN JARAK JAUH

Faktor ekonomis dan faktor keselamatan adalah hal yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian penting bagi nelayan tradisional pada saat berlayar. Pada penelitian ini dibuatlah FAD yang sekaligus dapat difungsikan sebagai peralatan keselamatan (liferaft) dan dapat dikendalikan jarak jauh yang diberi nama e-FADL (Electric Fish Aggregating Device and Liferaft). Penelitian ini merupakan perbaikan dari penelitian sebelumnya dari sisi disain, berat dan buoyancy-nya dan adanya penambahan sistem kendali jarak jauh agar nelayan dapat menempatkan FAD tersebut ke tempat-tempat tertentu.FAD didisain dengan menggunakan material PVC yang ditopang oleh konstruksi pipa 8 inc yang sekaligus difungsikan sebagai liferaft. Sumber energi listrik untuk penerangan dan penggerak diperoleh dari panel surya. Peralatan kontrol jarak jauh menggunakan komponen utama transceiver NRF24L01 yang bekerja pada frekuensi 2,4 GHz.Hasil penelitian diperoleh e-FADL dapat digunakan sebagai FAD dengan penerangan lampu 12V/20watt mampu menyala selama 9-10 jam sesuai dengan lamanya nelayan mencari ikan. Mampu dijalankan dan dikendalikan jarak jauh menggunakan remote dengan jarak maksimal 270m dengan kecepatan 6,5Km/jam. Mempunyai daya apung (buoyancy) sebesar 84,45 kg, sehingga dapat difungsikan sebagai liferaft mampu menahan beban maksimum 5 ABK. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian&nbsp;&nbsp;model menunjukan bahwa liferaft mampu berfungsi sesuai standar Solas 74/96, LSA Code and IMO 81 (70)

Program Potensi Desa dan Desa Tanggap Bencana Desa Giring Kecamatan Paliyan Gunungkidul

Desa Giring is one of the many villages in Paliyan District, Gunungkidul which has a lot of potentials that can be developed further. The village potential includes traditional culture, agricultural and livestock products, as well as tourist objects. In its development efforts, it is necessary to introduce this potential to the wider community in order to attract tourists, thereby increasing the activities of the tourism sector. In addition, considering the potential for natural disasters that may occur in Desa Giring, an educational effort to the public about natural disaster prevention and precaution measures are deemed necessary by making pocketbooks as a medium of information. Data collection in the form of Desa Giring profiles, village potentials, and ways of dealing with natural disasters was carried out by means of literature studies through journals, articles, and the internet. The results of the literature study in the form of information findings and theoretical studies are then compiled in the form of videos and e-books. The output of the first work program, namely the e-book and video of Potensi Desa Giring which discusses the potentials in the village, while the output of the second work program, namely e-books and videos of the Buku Saku Desa Tanggap dan Sigap Bencana, which discusses prevention and precaution measures of natural disasters that have the potential to occur in Desa Giring. Hopefully,  the two outputs of the programs can be used in future village development activities and give insight into how to do natural disaster prevention and precaution

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

peripheral artery disease were modelled using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 database. Prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality estimates of peripheral artery disease were extracted from GBD 2019. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rate of peripheral artery disease attributed to modifiable risk factors were also assessed. Findings In 2019, the number of people aged 40 years and older with peripheral artery disease was 113 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99·2–128·4), with a global prevalence of 1·52% (95% UI 1·33–1·72), of which 42·6% was in countries with low to middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI). The global prevalence of peripheral artery disease was higher in older people, (14·91% [12·41–17·87] in those aged 80–84 years), and was generally higher in females than in males. Globally, the total number of DALYs attributable to modifiable risk factors in 2019 accounted for 69·4% (64·2–74·3) of total peripheral artery disease DALYs. The prevalence of peripheral artery disease was highest in countries with high SDI and lowest in countries with low SDI, whereas DALY and mortality rates showed U-shaped curves, with the highest burden in the high and low SDI quintiles. Interpretation The total number of people with peripheral artery disease has increased globally from 1990 to 2019. Despite the lower prevalence of peripheral artery disease in males and low-income countries, these groups showed similar DALY rates to females and higher-income countries, highlighting disproportionate burden in these groups. Modifiable risk factors were responsible for around 70% of the global peripheral artery disease burden. Public measures could mitigate the burden of peripheral artery disease by modifying risk factors

Geology of Kings Canyon National Park

Includes 1:100 000 map of the 'Kings Canyon National Park