Traditional masculinities and men’s sexism: A meta-analysis

Traditional masculinities (TM) are a set of meanings related to men. The power attached to these meanings operates to maintain the inequality of gender relations. Previous studies have reported a positive correlation between traditional masculinities and men’s sexism, limiting women’s personal and professional opportunities. To quantify this relationship, a meta-analysis was conducted using 107 independent samples (mainly from the U.S.) from 21,078 men, reported in 44 manuscripts between 1984 and 2021. Although we observed that TM positively correlated with men’s sexism, there was wide variability in effect sizes. An examination of potential moderators revealed that the relationship was significantly different between different forms of TM. The relationship between sexism and conformity to masculine norms and traditional masculinity ideology was stronger than the relationship with gender role stress. Further, TM were more strongly related to forms of sexism that reflect overt negative attitudes toward women (old-fashioned and hostile sexism) than to forms that reflect covert sexist attitudes (modern and benevolent sexism). Moreover, the link between TM and sexism was stronger in the general population than in student samples. However, these findings should be interpreted and taken with caution due to the presence of substantial heterogeneity in effect sizes

Русскоязычный опросник для измерения правого авторитаризма: валидность и инвариантность

Right-wing authoritarianism as a system of beliefs about society attracts a lot of attention among psychologists. Questionnaires represent one of the ways to measure this phenomenon. However, their main disadvantage is their cross-cultural and temporal specificity. This article examines the structure, invariance, and validity of the Russian-language questionnaire for measuring the right-wing authoritarianism. The study included three stages. During the first stage (N = 900), the one-factor and three-factor structures of the long (13 items) and short (9 items) versions of the Russian-language questionnaire for measuring right-wing authoritarianism were analyzed. During the second (N = 555) and third (N = 994) stages, the structure, invariance and convergent validity of the short three-factor version were analyzed. Specifically, the three-factor version encompasses three subscales: "conventionalism", "authoritarian submission", and "authoritarian aggression". Our results showed that the three-factor structure of the questionnaire showed acceptable fit to the empirical data. In addition, it demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender and age groups. Finally, the subscales of the questionnaire were positively associated with the need for cognitive closure, social dominance orientation, a positive attitude towards the Russian political system, and the approval of the restriction of actions aimed at changing it. These results indicate that the questionnaire is a valid tool for measuring right-wing authoritarianism.Правый авторитаризм как система представлений об обществе привлекает большое внимание психологов. Для измерения этой характеристики используют опросники. Основная проблема таких методик – это их кросс-культурная и временная специфика. В данной статье рассматривается структура, инвариантность и валидность русскоязычного опросника для измерения правого авторитаризма. Исследование состояло из трех этапов. На первом этапе (N = 900) была проанализирована однофакторная и трехфакторная структуры длинной (13 пунктов) и короткой (9 пунктов) версий русскоязычного опросника для измерения правого авторитаризма. На втором (N = 555) и третьем (N = 994) этапе были проанализированы структура, инвариантность и конвергентная валидность короткой трехфакторной версии. Результаты показали, что трехфакторная структура опросника, которая включает три связанные субшкалы – «конвенционализм», «авторитарное подчинение» и «авторитарная агрессия» – удовлетворительно соответствует данным. Кроме того, она демонстрирует конфигуральную, метрическую и скалярную инвариантность среди гендерных и возрастных групп. И наконец, субшкалы методики позитивно связаны с когнитивной завершенностью, ориентацией на социальное доминирование, позитивным отношением к российской политической системе и одобрением ограничения действий, направленных на ее изменение. Эти результаты свидетельствуют о том, что опросник является валидным инструментом для измерения правого авторитаризма

Измерение традиционной маскулинной идеологии: сравнение трех русскоязычных методик

Psychologists show great interest in the study of common ideas about men and women in society. These ideas include traditional masculinity ideology. To measure this ideology, researchers use questionnaires. To date, three Russian-language inventories are designed to study this construct: The Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised, The Male Attitude Norms Inventory-II, and The Russian Male Role Norms Inventory. However, there has been insufficient evidence in the scientific literature to demonstrate the structural validity of these ques-tionnaires. In the course of our research, we examined the factor structure of the full and short versions of each inventory. A number of 1901 of individuals participated in the study (51% of cisgender women, 49% of cis-gender men; age range from 17 to 77 years old). Respondents filled out one of the three inventories for meas-uring traditional masculinity ideology. During the analysis, three factor models were tested. According to theresults the short Russian-language version of the Male Role Norms inventory can be used to measure tradi-tional masculinity ideology. At the same time, the Norms of Male Behavior and the Russian Norms of Male Behavior inventories need to be revised and further tested.Психологи проявляют большой интерес к изучению распространенных в обществе обыденных пред-ставлений о мужчинах и женщинах. К числу таких представлений относится традиционная маскулин-ная идеология. Для измерения этой идеологии используются опросники. К настоящему времени суще-ствует три русскоязычных методики, которые предназначены для изучения этого конструкта: Нормы мужской роли (MaleRoleNormsInventory-Revised),Нормы мужского поведения (TheMaleAttitudeNormsInventory-II) и Российские нормы мужского поведения (RussianMaleNormsInventory).Однако в научной литературе недостаточно свидетельств, демонстрирующих структурную валидность этих опросников. В ходе нашего исследования мы рассмотрели факторную структуру полногои сокращен-ноговарианта каждой методики. В исследовании приняли участие 1901человек(51% –цисгендерные женщины, 49% –цисгендерные мужчины,возрастварьировался от 17 до 77 лет). Они заполняли одну из трех русскоязычных методик для измерения традиционной маскулинной идеологии. Входе анализа проверялись трифакторныемодели. Результаты исследования показали, что сокращенный русско-язычный вариант методики “Нормы мужской роли” может быть использовандля измерения традици-онной маскулинной идеологии. В то же время, методики “Нормы мужского поведения” и “Российские нормы мужского поведения” нуждаются в пересмотре и дальнейшей проверке

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

Gender identification and attitudes toward gay people: Gender and sexuality differences and similarities

Previous research has demonstrated the existence of gender and sexuality differences in attitudes toward gay people (which in this paper includes both lesbian women and gay men unless specified). However, these studies did not account for people with diverse genders and sexual orientations ascribing different meanings to their gender identification and its potential role in attitudes towards gay people. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between gender identification and attitudes toward gay people among individuals of different genders and sexual orientations. Based on data obtained from 851 Russian respondents, the study reports the exploration of the direct link between two components of gender identification and four components of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Results indicated that stronger gender identification, in general, was related to more negative attitudes toward both gay men and lesbians. At the same time, compared to women and bisexual respondents, this link was stronger among men and straight participants respectively. A possible explanation via traditional gender ideologies is discussed

Do autonomous people tend to trust political institutions more? Multi-level evidence across six world regions

The Self-Determination Theory suggests a connection between autonomy supporting vs. controlling interactional style of influential figures, individual autonomy need satisfaction, and attitudes toward these people. Most of the studies that have demonstrated this relationship have been conducted in the proximal social context (family, school, organizations). Only a few studies have examined the role of the distal social context (culture, political system). We aimed to examine the relationship between the political regime, autonomy need satisfaction, and trust in political institutions. To examine the link, we used data from the European Values Study and World Values Survey. The results revealed that higher levels of democracy were positively associated with one’s reported autonomy need satisfaction. This satisfaction, in turn, was positively associated with political trust. This relationship is evident in different regions of the world and at different times, but in some cases, it is stronger in democratic countries than in authoritarian ones

Traditional masculinity and male violence against women: A meta-analytic examination.

Traditional masculinity (TM) is conceptualized as a risk factor for the well-being of men and those around them. Further, TM is often considered a key factor in male violence against women, and the positive association between these two factors has been supported by numerous studies. To quantify this relationship, a meta-analysis was conducted on 57 independent samples (mainly from the United States) from 10,772 respondents, reported in 51 articles between 1992 and 2021. We observed that TM positively correlated with male attitudes toward violence and violent behavior against women. The relationship between TM and attitudes toward violence was moderated by a type of TM (traditional masculinity ideology, conformity to masculine norms, experience of gender role conflict), a type of violence (sexual harassment, rape, physical, and psychological violence), but not by type of relationship between the aggressor and the target (intimate and nonintimate partner violence). The strongest correlations were between traditional masculinity ideology and attitudes toward violence and between traditional masculinity and sexual harassment. At the same time, none of the mentioned factors moderated the relationship between TM and violent behavior. The relationship between traditional masculinity and male violence against women was also moderated by the domain of traditional masculinity. The strongest association was between Status/Power over Women and violence against women. Furthermore, the results should be interpreted in light of substantial heterogeneity in the size of the correlations and the presence of publication bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved

The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-30: Validity and measurement invariance of a Russian-language version

The research presented here reports the process of adapting the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) for use in Russian. The full- and short-form (CMNI-30) versions of the Inventory were tested in two studies. In total, 681 Russian residents participated in Study 1 and 716 in Study 2, which investigated the unidimensional, 10-factor, second-order, and orthogonal bifactor models. The analysis of construct validity indicated that the full version of CMNI did not fit the data. Therefore, we developed a Russian-language CMNI-30 which fitted the data well. The 10-factor model of the CMNI-30 demonstrated good construct validity and fitted the data better than the unidimensional, second-order, and orthogonal bifactor models. However, the subscale Pursuit of Status demonstrated low reliability and captured a low amount of variance in relation to the amount of variance due to measurement error. Full configural and metric and partial scalar measurement invariance were supported for the 10-factor model among straight and sexual minority men. The analysis of the CMNI-30’s convergent validity demonstrated that specific factors of CMNI-30 were related to stereotypes about men, ambivalent attitudes toward them, and traditional masculinity ideology. Taken together, this research provided preliminary evidence for the validity and reliability of the Russian-language CMNI-30 among straight and sexual minority men