3-[(E)-2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro­prop-1-en-1-yl]-N-(2-chloro­phen­yl)-2,2-dimethyl­cyclo­propane-1-carboxamide

In the title compound, C15H14Cl2F3NO, synthesized by the reaction of 3-[(E)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro­prop-1-en­yl]-2,2-dimethyl­cyclo­propane­carb­oxy­lic acid and 2-chloro­aniline, the aromatic ring makes a dihedral angle of 76.7 (3)° with the plane of the cyclo­propane ring. In the crystal, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains running along the b axis

Rbm24 Regulates Alternative Splicing Switch in Embryonic Stem Cell Cardiac Lineage Differentiation

此项研究打破了此前一贯认为干细胞分化是从通过启动转录因子开始的常规方式，首次证明了RNA结合蛋白Rbm24具有调控和促进干细胞向心肌分化的能力，开拓了干细胞分化调控的视野，并且以此方式可以高效获得心肌细胞，为干细胞再生医学转化提供应用前景。 文章第一作者是课题组的博士后张涛和博士生林瑜。The transition of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency to differentiation is accompanied by an expansion of mRNA and proteomic diversity. Post-transcriptional regulation of ESCs is critically governed by cell type-specific splicing. However, little is known about the splicing factors and the molecular mechanisms directing ESC early lineage differentiation. Our study identifies RNA binding motif protein 24 (Rbm24) as a key splicing regulator that plays an essential role in controlling post-transcriptional networks during ESC transition into cardiac differentiation. Using an inducible mouse ESC line in which gene expression could be temporally regulated, we demon- strated that forced expression of Rbm24 in ESCs dramatically induced a switch to cardiac specification. Genome-wide RNA sequencing analysis identified more than 200 Rbm24-regulated alternative splicing events (AS) which occurred in genes essential for the ESC pluripotency or differentiation. Remarkably, AS genes regulated by Rbm24 composed of transcriptional factors,cytoskeleton proteins, and ATPase gene family members which are critical components required for cardiac development and functionality. Furthermore, we show that Rbm24 regulates ESC differentiation by promoting alternative splicing of pluripotency genes. Among the Rbm24-regulated events, Tpm1, an actin filament family gene, was identified to possess ESC/tissue specific isoforms. We demonstrated that these isoforms were functionally distinct and that their exon AS switch was essential for ESC differentiation. Our results suggest that ESC's switching into the differentiation state can be initiated by a tissue-specific splicing regulator, Rbm24. This finding offers a global view on how an RNA binding protein influences ESC lineage differentiation by a splicing-mediated regulatory mechanism.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no. 81270199), the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant no. 2014CB965101), Xiamen Joint Research Fund for Major Diseases (3502Z20159014), Research Fund of Xiamen Oceanic Administration (14PYY051SF04), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2015A030310008), the Key Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2013D020), and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2012D038)

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Application of CuFe2O4 for photocatalytic fenton degradation of glycerol

The liquid waste from biodiesel production contains primarily glycerol and requires treatment before discharge into waterway. This study reports on the glycerol decomposition using photocatalytic Fenton technique. Visible light-responsive CuFe2O4 photocatalyst was synthesized using a sol-gel method employing Cu:Fe ratio of 1:2 by mol. The photocatalyst was characterized using N2-physisorption, FESEM-EDX, XRD, UV-Vis DRS and particle size distribution. The BET specific surface area of CuFe2O4 was 102.4 m2/g. The morphology of the CuFe2O4 showed irregularly-shaped nanoparticles with good homogeneity in particle size distribution. The results indicate that the solid catalyst exhibited high crystallinity with CuFe2O4 as the main crystallite compound. The band gap energy of the CuFe2O4 was 1.58 eV and the average particle size of the photocatalyst was around 100 μm. In the presence of xenon lamp (250 W), the performance of photocatalytic Fenton degradation of different concentrations of glycerol aqueous solution, different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and different photocatalyst loadings were studied. The samples in the experiment were analysed using HPLC. The results showed that a minimal amount of photocatalyst loadings (0.1 g/L) was needed to initiate the photocatalytic Fenton reaction. By increasing the concentration of glycerol solution, the degradation of glycerol diminished; however increasing the concentration of H2O2 has increased the glycerol degradation. The degradation at initial glycerol concentration of 27.36 mM shows 60.0% while at 67.41 mM glycerol concentration shows 27.0%. Besides that, adding 819.5 mM H2O2 showed 30% degradation while adding 163.9 mM H2O2 only showed 5% degradation. In addition, statistical evaluation was also carried out to understand the significance of the kinetics results. Full factorial analysis was introduced to screen the factors in the phtocatalytic Fenton degradation of glycerol. The best condition to show higher degradation rate were 27.41 mM glycerol concentration, 819.5 mM H2O2 concentration and 5.0 g/L photocatalyst loadings in the experiment of four hours. Glycerol concentration and concentration of H2O2 affect the glycerol decomposition

Thermodynamic analysis of methane dry reforming

It is well known that methane (a natural gas that is abundantly available) can be reacted with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide). Syngas may be converted to gasoline-grade fuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis since the petrochemicals in the world was becoming lesser and lesser. In lieu of the significance of the said reaction, the objective for the current work is to study the thermodynamic aspect of methane dry reforming at reforming temperature from 500 to 1000K at atmospheric pressure and different methane to carbon dioxide ratios. The method used in this research is Gibbs free energy minimization. Computation results showed that the temperature affected the product distribution. At low temperature (500K), thermodynamic consideration alone indicated that the methane dry reforming reaction is almost non-existent. Different CO2/CH4 ratios decrease the temperature at which the onset of carbon deposition occurs. Carbon forms at lower temperature and high reactant ratio. At temperature 1000K and CO2:CH4 ratio of 3, the carbon formation value is 1.7